59 research outputs found
A survey of bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues in foodstuffs from nine cities in China
<div><p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical that is widely used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy food-can coatings. Following several studies that have reported adverse effects of BPA over the past decade, other bisphenol analogues, such as bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol B (BPB), have been gradually developed as substitutes for BPA in several applications. Nevertheless, few studies have reported on the occurrence of compounds other than BPA in foodstuffs. In this study, 289 food samples (13 categories: cereals and cereal products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, eggs, milk and milk products, bean products, fruits, vegetables, cookies/snacks, beverages, cooking oils, condiments, and others), collected from nine cities in China, were analysed for eight bisphenol analogues using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BPA and BPF were found widely in foodstuffs at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 299Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup> (meanĀ =Ā 4.94Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>) and from below the LOQ to 623Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup> (meanĀ =Ā 2.50Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>), fresh weight, respectively. The highest total concentrations of bisphenols (āBPs: sum of eight bisphenols) were found in the category of vegetables that included canned products (meanĀ =Ā 27.0Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>), followed by fish and seafood (16.5Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>) and beverages (15.6Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>). āBP concentrations (meanĀ =Ā 2ā3Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>) in milk and milk products, cooking oils, and eggs were low. Food samples sold in metallic cans contained higher mean āBP concentrations (56.9Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>) in comparison with those packaged in glass (0.43Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>), paper (11.9Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>), or plastic (6.40Ā ngĀ g<sup>ā1</sup>). The daily dietary intakes of bisphenols were estimated, based on the mean concentrations measured and daily consumption rates of foods, to be 646 and 664Ā ngĀ kg<sup>ā1</sup>Ā bwĀ day<sup>ā1</sup> for men and women, respectively.</p></div
Determination of Free and Conjugated Forms of Bisphenol A in Human Urine and Serum by Liquid ChromatographyāTandem Mass Spectrometry
Exposure of humans to bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used
industrial
chemical, is well-known. In humans and animals, conjugation of BPA
molecule with glucuronide or sulfate is considered as a mechanism
for detoxification. Nevertheless, very few studies have directly measured
free, conjugated (e.g., glucuronidated), and substituted (e.g., chlorinated)
forms of BPA in human specimens. In this study, free, conjugated (BPA
glucuronide or BPAG and BPA disulfate or BPADS), and substituted (chlorinated
BPA; mono- [BPAMC], di-[BPADC], and trichloride [BPATrC]) forms of
BPA were determined in human urine and serum samples, using solid-phase
extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatographyātandem mass spectrometry
(LCāMS/MS) techniques. The instrumental calibration for each
of the target compounds ranged from 0.01 to 100 ng/mL and showed excellent
linearity (<i>r</i> > 0.99). The limits of quantification
(LOQs) were 0.01 ng/mL for free BPA and 0.05 ng/mL for the conjugated
and substituted BPA. Respective recoveries of the six target compounds
spiked into water blanks and sample matrices (urine and serum), and
passed through the entire analytical procedure, were 96 Ā± 14%
and 105 Ā± 18% (mean Ā± SD) for urine samples and 87 Ā±
8% and 80 Ā± 13% for serum samples. The optimal recoveries of
BPAG and BPADS in the analytical procedure indicted that no deconjugation
occurred during the SPE procedure. The method was applied to measure
six target chemicals in urine and serum samples collected from volunteers
in Albany, New York. BPA and its derivatives were found in urine samples
at concentrations ranging from < LOQ to a few tens of ng/mL. In
serum, free and conjugated BPA were detected at sub ng/mL concentrations,
whereas BPA chlorides were not detected. The urine and serum samples
were also analyzed by enzymatic deconjugation and liquidāliquid
extraction (LLE) for the determination of total BPA, and the results
were compared with those measured by the SPE method. To our knowledge,
this is the first report on the occurrence of BPAG and BPADS in human
serum
Widespread Occurrence of Benzophenone-Type UV Light Filters in Personal Care Products from China and the United States: An Assessment of Human Exposure
Benzophenone-3
(BP-3) is a sunscreen agent used in a variety of personal care products
(PCPs) for the protection of human skin and hair from damage by ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. Concerns have been raised over exposure of humans
to BP-3, owing to the estrogenic potential of this compound. Nevertheless,
the levels and profiles of BP-3 in PCPs and sources of exposure of
humans to this estrogenic compound are not well-known. In this study,
concentrations of BP-3 were determined in seven categories of 231
PCPs collected from several cities in China (<i>n</i> =
117) and the United States (U.S.) (<i>n</i> = 114), using
high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
BP-3 was found in the majority (81%) of the samples analyzed, at concentrations
as high as 0.148%. The highest BP-3 concentrations (geometric mean
[GM]: 548; median: 530 ng/g) were found in skin lotions (including
sunscreen lotions), followed by makeup products (284; 221 ng/g). PCPs
collected from the U.S. contained higher concentrations of BP-3 than
those collected from China. On the basis of the concentrations measured
and daily usage rates of PCPs, we estimated the daily intake of BP-3
through dermal absorption from the use of PCPs. The GM and 95th percentile
exposure doses to BP-3 were 0.978 and 25.5 Ī¼g/day, respectively,
for adult women in China, which were 2 orders of magnitude lower than
those found for adult women in the U.S. (24.4 and 5160 Ī¼g/day).
Skin lotions and face creams contributed to the preponderance of daily
BP-3 exposures (>80%)
Characteristic Profiles of Benzonphenoneā3 and its Derivatives in Urine of Children and Adults from the United States and China
Widespread
exposure of humans to benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a concern
due to this compoundās potential to disrupt endocrine function.
BP-3 can be metabolized by phase I and phase II reactions of the human
cytochrome P450 system. Urinary measurements of BP-3 have been used
as a biomarker of exposure. Nevertheless, metabolic transformation
pathway and the transformation products of BP-3 in humans are still
less known. In this study, 166 urine samples collected from children
and adults in the U.S. and China were analyzed for free and total
forms (free plus conjugated) of BP-3 as well as four of its metabolic
derivatives, 4-OHāBP, 2,4-diOHāBP, 2,2ā²,4,4ā²-tetraOHāBP,
and 2,2ā²-diOHā4-MeOāBP, using high performance
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BP-3
was found in almost all urine samples from the U.S. and China. Concentrations
of BP-3 in urine from children (GM: 9.97 ng/mL) and adults (15.7 ng/mL)
in the U.S. were significantly higher than those in children (0.622
ng/mL) and adults (0.977) from China. A significant positive relationship
was found between the concentrations of urinary BP-3 and its derivatives.
The profiles of BP derivatives in urine suggested that demethylation
was a major route of BP-3 metabolism. The percentage of the free form
of BP-3 in urine was used in the determination of efficacy of phase
II metabolism among the different population groups studied. A significantly
lower percentage of the free form of BP-3 was found in urine from
the U.S. population than in the Chinese population
Concentrations and Profiles of Bisphenol A and Other Bisphenol Analogues in Foodstuffs from the United States and Their Implications for Human Exposure
As the concern over the safety of
bisphenol A (BPA) continues to
grow, this compound is gradually being replaced, in industrial applications,
with compounds such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). Occurrence
of bisphenols, including BPA and BPS, has been reported in paper products
and in environmental matrices. Information on the occurrence of bisphenols,
other than BPA, in foodstuffs, however, is scarce. In this study,
several bisphenol analogues, including BPA, BPF, and BPS, were analyzed
in foodstuffs (<i>N</i> = 267) collected from Albany, NY,
USA, using high-performance liquid chromatographyātandem mass
spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Foodstuffs were divided into nine categories
of beverages, dairy products, fats and oils, fish and seafood, cereals,
meat and meat products, fruits, vegetables, and āothersā.
Bisphenols were found in the majority (75%) of the food samples, and
the total concentrations of bisphenols (Ī£BPs: sum of eight bisphenols)
were in the range of below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1130
ng/g fresh weight, with an overall mean value of 4.38 ng/g. The highest
overall mean concentration of Ī£BPs was found in the āothersā
category, which included condiments (preserved, ready-to-serve foods).
A sample of mustard (dressing) and ginger, placed in the category
of vegetables, contained the highest concentrations of 1130 ng/g for
bisphenol F (BPF) and 237 ng/g for bisphenol P (BPP). Concentrations
of BPs in beverages (mean = 0.341 ng/g) and fruits (0.698 ng/g) were
low. The predominant bisphenol analogues found in foodstuffs were
BPA and BPF, which accounted for 42 and 17% of the total BP concentrations,
respectively. Canned foods contained higher concentrations of individual
and total bisphenols in comparison to foods sold in glass, paper,
or plastic containers. On the basis of measured concentrations and
daily ingestion rates of foods, the daily dietary intakes of bisphenols
(calculated from the mean concentration) were estimated to be 243,
142, 117, 63.6, and 58.6 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for toddlers,
infants, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively
Mass Loading and Removal of Select Illicit Drugs in Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State and Estimation of Illicit Drug Usage in Communities through Wastewater Analysis
Sewage
epidemiology is a rapidly expanding field that can provide
information on illicit drug usage in communities, based on the measured
concentrations in samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
In this study, select illicit drugs (six drugs and eight metabolites)
were determined on a daily basis for a week in wastewater, suspended
particulate matter (SPM), and sludge from two WWTPs in the Albany
area in New York State. The WWTP that served a larger population (ā¼100ā000,
with a flow rate of 83ā300 m<sup>3</sup>/d) showed 3.2 (methadone)
to 51 (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDA) times higher mass flows
of illicit drugs than did the WWTP that served a smaller population
(ā¼15ā000, with a flow rate of 6850 m<sup>3</sup>/d).
The consumption rate of target illicit drugs in the communities served
by the two WWTPs was estimated to range from 1.67 to 3510 mg/d/1000
people. Between the dissolved and particulate phases, the fraction
of methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP),
amphetamine, and MDA sorbed to SPM ranged from 34.3% to 41.1% of the
total mass in the waste stream. The removal efficiencies of illicit
drugs from the two WWTPs ranged from 4% (norcocaine) to 99% (cocaine);
however, methamphetamine, methadone, and EDDP showed a negative removal
in WWTPs. The environmental emission of illicit drugs from WWTP discharges
was calculated to range from 0.38 (MDEA) to 67.5 (EDDP) mg/d/1000
people. Other markers such as caffeine, paraxanthine, nicotine, and
cotinine were found to predict the concentrations of select illicit
drugs in raw wastewater (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.20ā0.79; <i>p</i> ā¤ 0.029)
Novel Finding of Widespread Occurrence and Accumulation of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)-
and bisphenol F diglycidyl
ether (BFDGE)-based epoxy resins have a broad range of applications,
including serving as inner coatings of food and beverage cans and
as protective coatings in marine construction. Prior to this study,
no studies had examined the occurrence and bioaccumulation of BADGEs
or BFDGEs in aquatic organisms. In this study, BADGE, BFDGE, and nine
of their derivatives were determined in 121 tissue (liver, kidney,
blubber, and brain) samples from eight species of marine mammals collected
from the U.S. coastal waters of Florida, California, Washington, and
Alaska. BADGEĀ·2HCl was the predominant compound found in the
majority (78.5%) of the marine mammal tissues analyzed, at concentrations
of up to 2950 ng/g (wet weight (wt)) found in the liver of a sea otter
from Kachemak Bay, Alaska. The measured concentrations of BADGEĀ·2HCl
in marine mammals were on the order of hundreds of nanograms per gram
tissue, which are some of the highest concentrations ever reported
for this compound in biota. Males contained greater concentrations
of BADGEĀ·2HCl than did females. BADGEĀ·2HCl also was found
in the brain tissues of sea otters. Trace levels of BADGEĀ·2HCl
were found in the livers of polar bears from Alaska, which suggested
that BADGEs are widely distributed in the oceanic environment
Method for the Determination of Iodide in Dried Blood Spots from Newborns by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Dried
blood spots (DBS), collected for newborn screening programs
in the United States, have been used to screen for congenital metabolic
diseases in newborns for over 50 years. DBS provide an easy and inexpensive
way to collect and store peripheral blood specimens and present an
excellent resource for studies on the assessment of chemical exposures
in newborns. In this study, a selective and sensitive method was developed
for the analysis of iodide in DBS by high performance liquid chromatography
electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Accuracy, inter- and intraday
precision, matrix effects, and detection limits of the method were
determined. Further validation of the method was accomplished by concurrent
analysis of whole blood and fortified blood spotted on a Whatman 903
filter card. A significant positive correlation was found between
measured concentrations of iodide in venous whole blood and the same
blood spotted as DBS. The method limit of detection was 0.15 ng/mL
iodide. The method was further validated by the analysis of a whole
blood sample certified for iodide levels (proficiency testing sample)
by spotting on a filter card. Twenty DBS samples collected from newborns
in New York State were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of
the method. The measured concentrations of iodide in whole blood of
newborns from New York State ranged betwee
Simultaneous Analysis of Seven Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage to Lipids, Proteins, and DNA in Urine
The
determination of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) is useful
for the assessment of health status and progress of diseases in humans.
Whereas previous methods for the determination of OSBs in urine were
focused on a single marker, in this study, we present a method for
simultaneous determination of biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids,
proteins, and DNA. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization
followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) allowed the determination
of 8-hydroxy-2ā²-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), <i>o</i>-<i>o</i>ā²-dityrosine (diY), malondialdehyde (MDA),
and four F<sub>2</sub>-isoprostane isomers: 8-iso-prostaglandinF<sub>2Ī±</sub> (8-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>), 11Ī²-prostaglandinF<sub>2Ī±</sub> (11-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>), 15Ā(<i>R</i>)-prostaglandinF<sub>2Ī±</sub> (15-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>),
and 8-iso,15Ā(<i>R</i>)-prostaglandinF<sub>2Ī±</sub> (8,15-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>) in urine. Derivatization with DNPH
and SPE was optimized to yield greater sensitivity and selectivity
for the analysis of target chemicals. The limits of detection of target
analytes in urine were below 30 pg mL<sup>ā1</sup>. The assay
intra- and interday variability was below 16% of the relative standard
deviation, and the recoveries of target chemicals spiked into synthetic
urine were near 100%. The method was applied to the analysis of 21
real urine samples, and the analytes were found at a detection frequency
of 85% for 8-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub> and 15-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>,
71% for 11-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>, 81% for 8,15-PGF<sub>2Ī±</sub>, and 100% for diY, 8-OHdG, and MDA. This method offers simultaneous
determination of multiple OSBs of different molecular origin in urine
samples selectively with high accuracy and precision
Bisphenols, Benzophenones, and Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers in Textiles and Infant Clothing
Little is known with regard to the
occurrence of potentially toxic
chemicals in textiles and clothes. In this study, 77 textiles and
infant clothing pieces were analyzed for the determination of bisphenols
including bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS), benzophenones,
bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers
(NOGEs). BPA and BPS occurred in 82% and 53% of the textile samples,
respectively, and at mean concentrations of 366 and 15 ng/g, respectively.
Benzophenone-3 (BP3) occurred in 70% of the samples at a mean concentration
of 11.3 ng/g. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs analyzed, BFDGE was the predominant
compound, with a mean concentration of 13.6 ng/g. Concentrations of
target chemicals were assessed by fabric type, color, and uses. Socks
contained the highest concentrations of BPA (mean: 1810 ng/g) with
concentrations as high as 13āÆ300 ng/g in a 97% polyester fabric
marketed for infants. Calculated dermal exposure dose to BPA by infants
via textiles was as high as 7280 pg/kg BW/d. This is the first study
to report the occurrence of, and exposure to, BPA, BPS, BADGEs, and
NOGEs in textiles and clothing
- ā¦