Widespread area in supratentorial regions show decreased 3D-FD value in SCA3 patients.

<p>(a, b) Frontal and parietal lobe of SCA3 exhibit decreased 3D-FD values, respectively. c, d Green, aqua-blue, violet and blue regions exhibit decreased 3D-FD value in the occipital lobe, temporal lobe, subcortical regions and limbic system, respectively.</p

Cerebellar cortex of SCA3 patients.

<p>(a) significant decrease in 3D-FD values in comparison with that of normal subjects. (b) A significant correlation was observed between decreased 3D-FD values and disease duration in cerebellar cortex of SCA3 (<i>r</i> = -0.0318, <i>p</i> = 0.0354).</p

Significant differences of 3D-FD values between SCA3 patients and normal subjects at early stage and late stage of disease.

<p>(a) The cerebral cortex. (b) The cerebellar cortex. SCA3 shows significant decreased 3D-FD values at both the early and late stage of disease. Comparing the mean values of 3D-FD values at early stage of disease with that at late stage, the cortical atrophy in SCA3 patient was more substantial at the late stage of disease.</p

Cerebral cortex of SCA3 patients.

<p>(a) significant decrease in 3D-FD values in comparison with that of normal subjects. (b) A significant correlation was observed between decreased 3D-FD values and disease duration in cerebral cortex of SCA3 (r = -0.0330, p = 0.0287).</p

The cortical dysfunction of SCA3 patients in cerebellar cortex (SARA; left vertical axis) and in cerebral cortex (MMSE; reight vertical axis) were incoherent.

<p>The result shows significantly increasing SARA scores throughout duration of disease (<i>r</i> = 0.5672; <i>p</i> = 0.0344), but nonsignificant correlation between MMSE scores and duration of disease (<i>r</i> = -0.2138; <i>p</i> = 0.4100). (SARA: Y = 0.72494x+7.6755; MMSE: Y<i>p</i> = -0.0182x+28.6531).</p

Cortical and sub-cortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling template image in standard stereotaxic space (Each region is divide into left and right).

<p>Cortical and sub-cortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling template image in standard stereotaxic space (Each region is divide into left and right).</p