Are agricultural markets location-optimal? A case study of Gaya District (Bihar)

The thesis of efficiency and optimality of Indian agricultural system has several facets that have called for attention of a number of scholars. Some have proved allocative optimality of resource utilization, the others have proved optimality of distribution of gains from agriculture, while still others have come up with the cases of marketing optimality. However, there is hardly any work that studies location optimality of market centers in any region of India. In this paper we examine if the empirically observed market locations are optimal and as a case study take up the agricultural markets located in Gaya district of Bihar. We have used the location-allocation model for optimality analysis. Our findings reveal that existing locations and arrivals of merchandise at the agricultural markets of Gaya are very close to what might have been if they had been located on the principle of optimality. There are minor deviations, of course. However, as the existing markets have developed in an open region, unlike our cost-optimal locations searched out in a closed region, a discount must be made in favour of the existing locations, and we do not have enough reasons and evidence to conclude that the existing markets are sub-optimally located. We conclude, therefore, that market forces automatically establish location optimality and assert that the existing agricultural markets in Gaya district are location-optimal

Target Tracking in Non-Gaussian Environment

Masreliez filter which is a Kalman type of recursive filter is implemented and validated. The main computation in Masreliez filter is to evaluate the score function which directly influences the estimates of the target states. Scalar approximation for score function evaluation is extended to vector observations, implemented and validated. The simulation studies have shown that the performance of the Masreliez filter is relatively better than that of the conventional Kalman filter in the presence of significant glint noise in the observation

Quantum Coherence, Coherent Information and Information Gain in Quantum Measurement

A measurement is deemed successful, if one can maximize the information gain by the measurement apparatus. Here, we ask if quantum coherence of the system imposes a limitation on the information gain during quantum measurement. First, we argue that the information gain in a quantum measurement is nothing but the coherent information or the distinct quantum information that one can send from the system to apparatus. We prove that the maximum information gain from a pure state, using a mixed apparatus is upper bounded by the initial coherence of the system. Further, we illustrate the measurement scenario in the presence of environment. We argue that the information gain is upper bounded by the entropy exchange between the system and the apparatus. Also, to maximize the information gain, both the initial coherence of the apparatus, and the final entanglement between the system and apparatus should be maximum. Moreover, we find that for a fixed amount of coherence in the final apparatus state the more robust apparatus is, the more will be the information gain.Comment: 6 Pages, Comments are welcom