Energy dependence of elliptic flow from heavy-ion collision models

We have compared the experimental data on charged particle elliptic flow parameter (v2) in Au+Au collisions at midrapidity for \surd sNN = 9.2, 19.6, 62.4 and 200 GeV with results from various models in heavy-ion collisions like UrQMD, AMPT, and HIJING. We observe that the average from the transport model UrQMD agrees well with the measurements at \surd sNN = 9.2 GeV but increasingly falls short of the experimental values as the beam energy increases. The difference in being of the order of 60% at \surd sNN = 200 GeV. The results from HIJING is consistent with zero, while those from AMPT with default settings, a model based on HIJING with additional initial and final state rescattering effects included, gives a value of about 4% for all the beam energies studied. This is in contrast to increase in with beam energy for the experimental data. A different version of the AMPT model, which includes partonic effects and quark coalescence as a mechanism of hadronization, gives higher values of among the models studied and is in agreement with the measured values at \surd sNN = 200 GeV. These studies show that the experimental has substantial contribution from partonic interactions at \surd sNN = 200 GeV whose magnitude reduces with decrease in beam energy. We also compare the available data on the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity dependence of v2 to those from the above models.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, accepted in Physical Review

Selected Experimental Results from Heavy Ion Collisions at LHC

We review a subset of experimental results from the heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility at CERN. Excellent consistency is observed across all the experiments at the LHC (at center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV) for the measurements such as charged particle multiplicity density, azimuthal anisotropy coefficients and nuclear modification factor of charged hadrons. Comparison to similar measurements from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at lower energy (center of mass energy of 200 GeV) suggests that system formed at LHC has a higher energy density, larger system size, and lives for a longer time. These measurements are compared to model calculations to obtain physical insights on the properties of matter created at the RHIC and LHC.Comment: 19 pages and 26 figures. Accepted for publication in the special issue of Advances in High Energy Physics dedicated to Physics of Quark Gluon Plasma: An Update and Status Repor

PHARMACOVIGILANCE/REPORTING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: AN APPROACH TO ENHANCE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND EXTENDING MARKET SHARE BY MINIMIZING THE CHANCES OF DRUG WITHDRAWALS

Any unintended response of a drug which; apart from the doses that cover therapy of a disease; includes lack of efficacy, overdose and its misuse can be termed as an adverse drug reaction. In this scenario, adverse effects of drugs are mostly shown which result in the withdrawals of block buster's molecules and finally lead to the sharp decline of the market share. So there is an immense need to keep a hawk eye on these suspected adverse reactions to enhance health surveillance as well as minimizing the chances of drug withdrawals from the market. Thus the whole exercise of reporting adverse drug reactions is administered through implementation of pharmacovigilance program that deals with timely identification of ADR and it's monitoring-i.e. Collecting data, assessment, and follow up action. The importance of Pharmacovigilance has been on the rise because the frequency of ADRs and the percentage of hospital admissions have been increasing day by day, which finally have led to decline the global market share of blockbuster drugs by numeral instances of the cases of recalls and in some more severity have resulted in drug related mortality and morbidity of patients forcing the companies to ultimately withdraw the drug. The article highlights the different approaches of reporting the adverse drug reactions for enhancing the health surveillance and strategic consent for the pharmaceutical industry to generate long term revenues by reducing the chances of drug withdrawals with special emphasis on the consequences of reporting and non-reporting of ADRs and due examples of drug reported ADRs & their recalls. The article also highlights the Pharmacovigilance program in the European Union, United States and India, strategies for reducing the ADRs and future aspect of Pharmacovigilance

Longitudinal scaling of observables in heavy-ion collision models

Longitudinal scaling of pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles ($dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$) is observed when presented as a function of pseudorapidity ($\eta$) shifted by the beam rapidity ($\eta$ - $y_{\mathrm {beam}}$) for a wide range of collision systems ($e^{+}+e^{-}$, p+p, $d$+A and A+A) and beam energies. Such a scaling is also observed for the elliptic flow ($v_{2}$) of charged hadrons in A+A collisions. This is a striking observation, as $v_{2}$ is expected to be sensitive to the initial conditions, the expansion dynamics and the degrees of freedom of the system, all of which potentially varies with collision system and colliding energies. We present a study of the longitudinal scalings of $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$, average transverse momentum () and $v_{2}$ using transport models UrQMD and AMPT for Au+Au collisions at center of mass energies ($\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}$) of 19.6, 62.4, 200 GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at 2760 GeV. Only the AMPT models which includes partonic effects and quark coalescence as a mechanism of hadronization, shows longitudinal scaling for $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$, $< p_{\mathrm T}>$ and $v_{2}$. Whereas the UrQMD and AMPT default versions show longitudinal scaling only for $dN_{\mathrm {ch}}/d\eta$ and . We also discuss the possibility of longitudinal scaling of $v_{2}$ within two extreme scenarios of models with hydrodynamic and collisionless limits. We find the longitudinal scaling of bulk observables to be an important test for the underlying physics mechanism in models of particle production.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review

To evaluate the efficacy of Ashwattha Churna with and without Virechana Karma in Ksheena Shukra (oligo-zoospermia) - A Comparative Study

In present scenario cases of infertility arise abundantly which is a serious problem among the present generation as it affects the person mentally hence can deteriorate life. There are various etiological factors related to male infertility. In Ayurveda the quality of Shukra is mentioned by various Acharya to produce a healthy progeny. But Shukra Dushti can lead to differently abled or no progeny. There are various types of Shukra Dushti mentioned by Acharya Sushrut, Ksheena -Shukra is one of them. Aim: To compare the efficacy of Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna and Ashwattha Churna alone in Ksheena Shukra (oligozoospermia). Objective: To assess the efficacy of Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna in Ksheena Shukra and to assess the efficacy of Ashwattha Churna alone in Ksheena Shukra and to detect increase in sperm count. Methods: It is open label, randomized, interventional and comparative study. Group A - In this group Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna was given. Group B - In this group Ashwattha Churna was given. Result: Group A (Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna) there was an increase of 55% in sperm count, increase of 11.6% in sperm motility, relief in Maithuna Ashakti is 50%, relief in Medra Vrishna Vedana is 32%, and relief in Chiraat Prashek is 32%. Conclusion: Both group shows statistically significant results in parameters i.e., Maithuna Ashakti, Medra Vrishna Vedana, Chiraat Prashek, sperm count, motility