BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE IN HUMAN PLASMA BY RP-HPLC

Objective: A simple, sensitive, rapid and precise bioanalytical RP-HPLC method was developed for estimation of clopidogrel bisulfate in human plasma. Methods: The work was carried out on Shimadzu LC-2010 CHT HPLC system equipped with Waters C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5μ) column with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile: methanol: water (75:20:05 v/v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 1 ml/min and the detection was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time of clopidogrel bisulfate was found to be 4.6 min. Results: The developed bioanalytical method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 30.76-69.23 µg/ml. The simple regression analysis of chromatographic response showed the value of R2= 0.9917. The precision study revealed that the cumulative percentage variation was within acceptable limit and accuracy study showed the value of mean percent recovery between 103.60 to 109.80 %. The clopidogrel was stable in human plasma at different storage conditions. Conclusion: The validation parameters of the method met the acceptance criteria. Sufficient stability of both LQC and HQC was shown to allow for completion of sample analysis in clinical trials. From the results, we can conclude that developed bioanalytical method is simple, rapid, accurate, and precise and can be used for routine analysis of clopidogrel bisulfate. Keywords: Bioanalytical Method, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, RP-HPLC, Validatio

To study outcome of surgical management of distal 3rd and proximal 3rd fractures of tibia in adults using expert tibial nails

Background: Tibia is most commonly fractured long bone. Within few years population of India and number of vehicles has increased very much. This has lead to manifold increase in not only rate of tibia fracture but also in complexity of fracture. Using interlocking nail in tibial fracture with short proximal and distal fragment render it unstable leading to frequent loss of reduction causing malunion. Multidirectional interlocking screws ensure that alignment can be well maintained and stability preserved in short proximal or distal tibial segments.Methods: A prospective, non randomized study was conducted comprising of 30 patients of proximal and distal 1/3rd fracture of tibia in, Department of Orthopaedics, Bokaro General Hospital. The method used for fracture fixation was open/closed reduction and internal fixation with expert tibial nail. The duration of study was June 2013 to June 2016. The data thus obtained was evaluated in terms of mode of injury, associated injury, fracture pattern, etc. Also outcome was measured and complication were evaluated and treated. Functional outcome was evaluated using hospital for special surgery (HSS) knee score.Results: All 30 patient were followed up successfully during period of 3 years. The mean duration of radiological union in this study was 20.6 weeks, though it ranged from 18 to 26 weeks. 8 patients developed some complication in form of superficial infection, malunion etc but none of the patient had non-union of fractured bone. On the basis of hospital for special surgery (HSS) knee score13 patients had excellent results; 9 had good results, 05 had fair results and 3 had poor result. Mean HSS knee score was 82.3 (SD 15.3) after 3 years of follow up.Conclusions: Expert tibial interlocking nail is good treatment option for distal and proximal 1/3 fracture of tibia especially in non intra-articular facture. It can be used in simple intra-articular fracture but additional hardware is required

Study of Microstrip filters

Volume 2 Issue 1 (January 2014

An RNA polymerase II-coupled function for histone H3K36 methylation in checkpoint activation and DSB repair

Histone modifications are major determinants of DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and repair. Here we elucidate a DSB repair function for transcription-coupled Set2 methylation at H3 lysine 36 (H3K36me). Cells devoid of Set2/H3K36me are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents and site-specific DSBs, fail to properly activate the DNA-damage checkpoint, and show genetic interactions with DSB-sensing and repair machinery. Set2/H3K36me3 is enriched at DSBs, and loss of Set2 results in altered chromatin architecture and inappropriate resection during G1 near break sites. Surprisingly, Set2 and RNA polymerase II are programmed for destruction after DSBs in a temporal manner – resulting in H3K36me3 to H3K36me2 transition that may be linked to DSB repair. Finally, we show a requirement of Set2 in DSB repair in transcription units – thus underscoring the importance of transcription-dependent H3K36me in DSB repair

Two photon absorption in Mn<SUP>2+</SUP>-doped ZnSe quantum dots

The nonresonant third order nonlinear optical properties of three different sized Mn2+-doped ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) are investigated. The nonlinear absorption is measured at 532 nm using 35 picosecond laser pulses in an open-aperture Z-scan setup. Two photon absorption (2PA) cross-section in ZnSe QDs is found to be three orders of magnitude higher than its bulk value. These nanostructures show size dependent nonlinear absorption coefficients. It is found that the 2PA further enhances with decrease in size of the QD and is twice that of its undoped counterpart due to change in the local electric field

Large intramuscular plexiform neurofibroma of thigh: a multidisciplinary team approach

Large plexiform neurofibroma of lower extremity involving the muscle is a rare entity. In this article we present the case of plexiform neurofibroma of right thigh involving the muscular plane and entrapment of the sciatic nerve. A 28 year lady presented with a plexiform neurofibroma of right thigh of size 60 cm×30 cm×25 cm with a positive family history of neurofibromatosis type 1. MRI was done for the assessment of the tumour and the adjacent structure involvement. The neurofibroma was removed with a multidisciplinary team approach with an intensive peri operative management. The pathological diagnosis was plexiform neurofibroma with diffuse neurofibroma. We have reported a rare case of large plexiform neurofibroma of lower extremity with muscle involvement and nerve entrapment

Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in South-East Asia: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) can be used as an indicator for the assessment of the health of a country. Without WASH facilities, it is very difficult for the sustenance of health and well-being of the people. Aim: This systematic review tries to bring out various nuances of practices on WASH and their intervention in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR). Materials and Methods: In the present systematic review, searches were made systematically in scholarly sources like Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct to unearth data from January 2005 to February 2020 with a language restriction to English for all the published articles. The literature search was conducted from March to May, 2020. The full-text articles (accessible) were retrieved from each of the searches and a few of the papers which appeared to be relevant were obtained for review. Articles were included from both urban and rural set-ups. Irrelevant topics and headings were excluded. The final review included 15 articles. Results: The area of SEAR has a different level of practice and outcomes on WASH. The studies show that low-quality WASH practices in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka contribute to public health issues. The studies on the health impact of WASH from many countries like Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste are also found to be inadequate in the maintenance of health. The report mentioned about many diseases like gastroenteritis, stunting and helminthes infection among many people in the community. The source of drinking water and drinking water quality needs to be assessed according to the recommendation of studies across the SEAR region. Two infectious diseases recently emerged such as Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) and Escherichia coli contamination due to inadequate WASH practices. Conclusion: The diarrhoeal diseases and sanitation related issues are numerous in the entire region. Diverse consumption of sanitary practices and drinking water is seen in India, as reported in one study; whereas open defecation has not been eliminated as reported in another study, where 32% of households are still defecating openly. Health impacts due to the lack of proper WASH practices are still a rising concern. Special attention is required for underprivileged areas like slums and rural areas. The involvement of the government in providing WASH facilities to underprivileged people is very significant