Comparison of Kosovo pharmaceutical legislation to the requirements of the European Union

Introduction: The importance of the pharmaceutical legislation of a country consists in establishing rules, laws, bylaws and decisions based on which the daily work takes place in health institutions in general and the pharmaceutical sector in particular. The structure of today's pharmaceutical legislation, in terms of drug laws, the scope of drug regulatory agencies, drug evaluation boards, quality control laboratories and drug information centers has evolved over time.Aim: The purpose of this paper is to collect existing information related to the pharmaceutical sector and assess the pharmaceutical profile of Kosovo according to the WHO form. Comparing the pharmaceutical legislation of Kosovo with those of the EU, with the aim of identifying aspects which require harmonize with EU laws and directives, with the laws in force in Kosovo, as well as suggesting options for improvement.Materials and Methods: The pharmaceutical legislation of the European Union, Kosovo, and Austrian have been used as materials. For the comparison of pharmaceutical legislation, we have done the analysis according to four dimensions: administrative elements, regulatory functions, technical elements and level of regulation. We have collected data through a standardized form for regulatory assessment developed by the WHO and through the method of studying the archive. The method of studying the archive has included the evaluation of relevant documentation and records, which includes laws, executive orders, reports of relevant authorities, economic, health and other state indicators, as well as reports of other studies in this field. In the study we used the comparative approach to achieve the comparison of inter-state experiences related to pharmaceutical legislation.Conclusions: Relevant state institutions of Kosovo should be engaged in providing institutional reports related to data on the pharmaceutical sector, in order to institutionally complete the pharmaceutical profile of Kosovo, as required by the WHO.Keywords: Pharmaceutical legislation, European Union, Kosovo, Compariso

Knowledge And Attitudes Of Students From Kosovo Towards Sexually Transmitted Infections-Stis

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) represent a major concern encountered by physicians. Sexually transmitted infections are spread through sexual contact which includes vaginal, anal, oral as well as the use of sex games. The greatest risk of acquiring any STIs comes from unprotected sexual activity with an infected partner. However, everyone who is sexually active is at risk from STIs. There are different factors which highly contribute in the spread of STIs and as a result mostly young people are in risk to get affected by them. Considering the importance and knowing all the risk factors involved in the spread of STIs, there is the need to better evaluate the knowledge of the young people on STIs in order to design appropriate strategies and programs for the awareness on sexually transmitted infections, about the protection against these infections,  identifying possible factors that affect sexual health and achieving good results in relation to sexual health.Aim: The main purpose of this research is to identify the level of knowledge of young people of Kosovo on STIs, identify sources of information about STIs and evaluate the connection (association) of knowledge about contraceptive methods and use.Materials and Methods: The study has a qualitative approach, self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of young people about sexually transmitted infections. In this study, 253 high school students took part. The schools in which the research was carried out were: medical, competence, science, linguistic and social sciences high school. For this research, a questionnaire consisting of a total of 20 questions was used to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of young people on sexually transmitted infections. Initially, permission was obtained to access to High Schools for conducting this research and the students were informed in advance about the purpose of the research and that the data will be used only for the study and will be confidential. The time for self-administration of the questionnaire was 5-10 minutes. The data was collected from May 10-30, 2020, and analyzed using the Google Classroom online platform in the form of a quiz/questionnaire.Conclusions: Our results suggest that continuous training should be organized in the field of teacher-student communication, in order to improve teaching performance in this aspect. There should be an inclusion of sex education in schools at all levels of pre-university education and treating social workers in schools to focus on the emotional, intellectual and physical aspects of sexual health would be essential. It would also be fruitful if teachers, parents, health workers discussed with young people more about sexual health. And lastly, creating special awareness offices in schools and centers for counseling and treatment would highly increase the information and thus the prevention of young people affected by ST

The most prescribed analgesics in the Emergency Clinic at the University Clinical Hospital Service of Kosovo in the period January - March 2022

Introduction -An important aspect of pain management, whether acute or chronic, is the administration of medications, namely analgesics. They are given to reduce and control pain, reduce risks, and reduce the incidence of more serious complications.The aim –of this study is to see the prescription of analgesics in UCHSK, their role, and importance, and the literature review regarding the dosage, the way, and of the certain doses. Methodology - This is descriptive research that aims to show the quantity of the most prescribed analgesics. The study was carried out in the Emergency Center near UCHSK in Prishtina, for the collection of all data sources such as documentation, protocols of medical visits where emergency cases were documented, and the treatment they received, during the period January-March 2022.The results - literature review results have provided detailed information regarding analgesics, the way of administration, the best possible ways of administering medications, and the best management.Conclusions –The study results reveal that analgetics-opioids, familiarity with the drug, the way of administering the drug, and their side effects reduce the complications they cause. Furthermore, good management affects the patient’s emotional state and his psychological preparation and enables the team of health professionals to achieve successful results

The use of antibiotics without criteria on the citizens of (ferizaj and kacanik) and the knowledge of side effects

Antibiotics are substances that can destroy the bacteria (bactericidal effect) or inhibit their growth and development (bacteriostatic effect). They are of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin. Antibiotics are a good choice for curing bacterial infections, but they do not affect viruses and fungi. Antibiotics were initially used only in hospitals for the treatment of dangerous diseases such as tuberculosis, lung inflammation and meningitis.. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the knowledge of citizens in Kosovo cities (Ferizaj / Uro Kaevac, Kacanica) on the use of antibiotics with or without criteria, knowledge of their preferred types and the associated side effects. Many antibiotics are circulating in Kosovo and the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the access of citizens (Population and patients to Family Medicine Centers in Ferizaj, Kacanica) to the information on antibiotic intake, which types of antibiotics are most prescribed, preferred by the patients themselves, have they always received a doctor\u27s prescription, have they consulted a pharmacist, knowledge of the side effects. Material and Methods: We studied and interviewed 280 citizens (among them patients from Family Medical Centers and General Hospital in Ferizaj). 180 respondents were from Ferizaj and 100 citizens from Kacanik The information was obtained with the assistance of the students of the Faculty of Nursing on campus in Ferizaj in the form of a questionnaire. Results and discussion: 280 sex-disaggregated citizens participated in the study, 165 males or 58.9%, and 115 females or 41%. The age group for the study was 20-60 years old males and 25-60 years old females 71.5% of respondents did not have sufficient knowledge about antibiotic use, such as differences in doses, names, manufacturers, and prescription antibiotics without a prescription: Ampicillin and Cefallex whereas 28.5% of respondents had good knowledge of antibiotics. Antibiotics starting from their role and importance to the body, the doses allowed and prescribed by medical professionals, the time when antibiotics should be used. The most prescribed and prescribed antibiotics by patients in the town of Ferizaj / Uroizevac were: Caps: Amoxicillin 500 mg, 250 mg, Ciprofloxacin in doses of 500 and 750 mg, Tab. Ospen 1000 mg and 1500 mg. While in the city of Kacanik the antibiotics prescribed were: Caps. Ampicilina 500 mg, Tab. Amoxiclav 625 mg and 1000 mg Cefexime 500 mg The time intervals for taking antibiotics were not respected, ie 53.5% did not receive antibiotics within 24 hours, 30% consumed the antibiotic as prescribed by the physician, and 16.5% consumed the therapy. with an antibiotic, only the first day and discontinued

Most prescribed penicillin types in the Family Medical Center GP in Istog during January – December 2020

Penicillins are very large number of bactericidal medicaments that even after decades of being used remains the most important used and less toxic anti micobiotics. Needless to say that inventing Penicillin is one of the biggest events in the world of modern medicine. Penicillins have made an outstanding impact on lives of millions of people since being invented. They continue to be used widely and we find them being prescribed from doctors for their patients. Reason: This is an descriptive investigation that tries to explain the facts about the situation at present for the amount of the penicillin being prescribed at Medical Primary Care Centres. Investigation took place at the Family Primary Care Centre in Istog and the gathering information was used from prime sources like documents and the protocol of medical visits of patients for the period from January to December 2020. Model of investigation is descriptive and wants to present facts about prescribed penicillin and its most used varieties. Investigation took place at a Family primary care centre in The Valley of Istog and there have been used documents and protocols of medical visits for the period of January to December 2020. Therefore the reason for this investigation is presenting the amount of penicillin being prescribed and ways of medication prescribed (intramuscular, intravenous or oral). Also the investigation presents the number of patients that took penicillin for each month during 2020 divided in gender in regards to taking penicillin. During this study 185 patients have been analysed in total for using different types of penicillin. They have been divided in gender and analysed and it has been noted that the higher number of penicillin users were males about 97 patients or 52,4% and female users were about 87 patients or 47.6%. They have been analysed also in percentages how many have had different ways of administering, types of most prescribed penicillin every month and there was a presentation in a charts about the most prescribed medication from penicillin group and divided by ways of administration like oral or intramuscular. From 185 patients that we had for analytic purposes it has been analysed the way of administrating the medication were it has been prescribed for 113 patients or 61.1 % and it has been advised to take it via intramuscular wa