Association between nutrition and the evolution of multimorbidity : the importance of fruits and vegetables and whole grain products

Background & aims: Multimorbidity is a common health status. The impact of nutrition on the development of multimorbidity remains to be determined. The aim of this study is to determine the association between foods, macronutrients and micronutrients and the evolution of multimorbidity. Methods: Data from 1020 Chinese who participated in the Jiangsu longitudinal Nutrition Study (JIN) were collected in 2002 (baseline) and 2007 (follow-up). Three-day weighted food records and status for 11 chronic diseases was determined using biomedical measures (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and anemia) or self-reports (coronary heart disease, asthma, stroke, cancer, fracture, arthritis and hepatitis). Participants were divided in six categories of stage of evolution of multimorbidity. Association of foods, macronutrients and micronutrients at baseline with stages in the evolution of multimorbidity were determined. Data were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, marital status, sedentary lifestyle, smoking status, annual income, education and energy intake. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity increased from 14% to 34%. A high consumption of fruit and vegetables (p < 0.05) and grain products other than rice and wheat (p < 0.001) were associated with healthier stages in the evolution of multimorbidity. The consumption of grain products other than rice and wheat was highly correlated with dietary fibers (r ¼ 0.77, p < 0.0001), iron (r ¼ 0.46, p < 0.0001), magnesium (r ¼ 0.49, p < 0.0001) and phosphorus (r ¼ 0.57, p < 0.0001) intake which were also associated with healthier stages. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of an association between nutrition and evolution towards multimorbidity. More precisely, greater consumption of fruits and vegetable and whole grain products consumption appear to lower the risk of multimorbidity

Polypharmacy in multimorbid older adults : protocol for a systematic review

Background: Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medications, consistently evokes a negative connotation, notably because it is associated with a plethora of adverse events. Nonetheless, the number of individuals exposed to polypharmacy is increasing steeply, especially for older people with multiple diseases. There is a need to carefully study the phenomenon at the population scale to full assess the associated health outcomes. Yet, this reveals a complex task because there exists no consensus indicator of polypharmacy. In fact, the definitions of polypharmacy are heterogeneous and its predisposing factors and associated outcomes are not well defined. The goal of this systematic review is to summarize the literature on polypharmacy in multimorbid individuals aged 65 years and over, targeting three objectives: (1) to identify the definitions of polypharmacy that are used in the context of multimorbidity among older individuals (≥65 years); (2) to ascertain predisposing and concurrent factors associated with polypharmacy; and (3) to describe positive and negative outcomes of polypharmacy among older individuals, including hospitalizations, mortality and costs. Methods: We will include publications from 2004 to 2016 that target four concepts: polypharmacy, older individuals, multimorbidity and positive/negative outcomes. The search will be performed using EBM Reviews, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, AgeLine, CINAHL, Health Policy Reference Center, Public Affairs Index, SocINDEX and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will screen the articles, extract the information and evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. The results will be presented in tables and narrative summaries will be performed. We will perform meta-analyses (objective 3) if the heterogeneity is not important. Discussion: This review will help describe the various ways of conceptualizing polypharmacy and how it is associated with health outcomes. We have selected outcomes most relevant for public surveillance performed with administrative databases. Other positive and negative outcomes have been associated with polypharmacy but may not be included in the review

Polypharmacy definitions for multimorbid older adults need stronger foundations to guide research, clinical practice and public health.

There are numerous definitions of polypharmacy to describe the use of many medications among older adults, but there is a need to clarify if they are purposive and meaningful. By means of a systematic review, we identified definitions of polypharmacy used in multimorbid older adults (≥65 years). We evaluated if the definitions align among the domains of research, clinical practice, and public health and appraised whether concepts of polypharmacy are based on strong foundations. More than 46 definitions of polypharmacy were retrieved from 348 publications (research: n = 243; clinical practice: n = 88; public health: n = 17). Several thresholds based on the number of medications were mentioned. The majority of the publications (n = 202, 58%) used a minimal threshold of five medications. Heterogeneous qualitative definitions were identified, mostly stating that polypharmacy is “more drugs than needed”. There was no significant divergence between domains as to the type of definitions used, although qualitative definitions were more common in clinical practice. Nearly half (n = 156, 47%) of the publications provided no justification for the polypharmacy definition used. The wide variety of definitions for polypharmacy precludes comparisons, appropriate identification and management of polypharmacy in multimorbid older adults. Standardized definitions would allow more coherent judgments regarding the individual and collective stakes of polypharmacy

Polypharmacy Definitions for Multimorbid Older Adults Need Stronger Foundations to Guide Research, Clinical Practice and Public Health

There are numerous definitions of polypharmacy to describe the use of many medications among older adults, but there is a need to clarify if they are purposive and meaningful. By means of a systematic review, we identified definitions of polypharmacy used in multimorbid older adults (≥65 years). We evaluated if the definitions align among the domains of research, clinical practice, and public health and appraised whether concepts of polypharmacy are based on strong foundations. More than 46 definitions of polypharmacy were retrieved from 348 publications (research: n = 243; clinical practice: n = 88; public health: n = 17). Several thresholds based on the number of medications were mentioned. The majority of the publications (n = 202, 58%) used a minimal threshold of five medications. Heterogeneous qualitative definitions were identified, mostly stating that polypharmacy is "more drugs than needed". There was no significant divergence between domains as to the type of definitions used, although qualitative definitions were more common in clinical practice. Nearly half (n = 156, 47%) of the publications provided no justification for the polypharmacy definition used. The wide variety of definitions for polypharmacy precludes comparisons, appropriate identification and management of polypharmacy in multimorbid older adults. Standardized definitions would allow more coherent judgments regarding the individual and collective stakes of polypharmacy

Facteurs de risque occupationnels et environnementaux de la démence : l'étude sur la santé et le vieillissement au Canada

Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'association entre la complexité du travail par rapport aux données, personnes et objets, et le risque de la démence et de ses soustypes, en tenant compte de l'activité physique au travail. Le deuxième objectif était d'évaluer l'association entre le niveau sanguin des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 (AGP n-3) totaux, de l'acide eicosapentaénoïque (EPA), de Vacide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) et l'incidence de la démence et de la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA), en tenant compte des niveaux sanguins de mercure. Le troisième objectif était d'approfondir l'étude de l'association entre le niveau sanguin de mercure et le risque de démence et de MA, en tenant compte des AGP n-3. Les analyses ont été réalisées à partir des données de l'Étude sur la santé et le vieillissement au Canada, une étude de population réalisée entre 1991 et 2001 sur un échantillon représentatif de personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus. Des modèles de régression de Cox, incluant 3 557 sujets et intégrant l'âge comme échelle de temps, ont montré qu'un niveau élevé de complexité du travail par rapport aux personnes et aux objets est associé à un risque diminué de démence de toutes causes et de démence vasculaire, mais pas de MA. D'autres modèles de Cox, incluant 664 sujets pour qui des échantillons de sang étaient disponibles, ont montré que ni les niveaux sanguins d'AGP n-3 totaux, ni ceux de DHA ou de EPA n'étaient associés au risque de démence ou de MA après ajustement pour le mercure. Finalement, des modèles de Cox, incluant 669 sujets dont les échantillons de sang ont permis des analyses toxicologiques, ont montré qu'un niveau élevé de mercure n'est pas associé à un risque accru de démence ou de MA. Au contraire, les sujets avec un niveau de mercure dans les deux quartiles supérieurs avaient un risque de démence et de MA significativement diminué, après ajustement pour les AGP n-3. Ces analyses auront permis d'évaluer avec un devis prospectif l'effet de la complexité du travail, des niveaux sanguins des AGP n-3, du DHA, de l'EPA et du mercure sur le risque de démence

Understanding the evolution of multimorbidity : evidences from the North West Adelaide Health Longitudinal Study

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of multimorbidity. Study Design and Setting: Data from 1854 South Australians who participated in the North West Adelaide longitudinal Health Study(NWAHS) was collected between baseline (2000–2002) and follow-up (2008–2010). Status for eight chronic diseases (CDs) was determined by biomedical measurement or self-report. Chronic disease (CD) mean age of occurrence and order of appearance was investigated. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity increased from 32% to 64% during the 7.861.1 years of follow-up. The estimated mean age of onset of a new CD was significantly older for hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and younger for hypercholesterolemia, asthma and other mental problem. Hypercholesterolemia was more likely to develop as a first than as a subsequent CD (39%vs.16%, p,0.0001) while CVD (1%vs.5%, p,0.0001), diabetes (5%vs.11%, p,0.001) and COPD (6%vs.16%, p,0.0001) were less likely. The presence of mood disorders at baseline was associated with an increased risk of developing other mental disorders (36%vs.12%, p, 0.0001), diabetes (18%vs.9%, p,0.01) and asthma (30%vs.21%, p,0.05). Conclusion: Longitudinal data could be used to study the evolution of multimorbidity and could provide information on CDs mean age of occurrence, order of appearance and impact on the development of future CDs

Is benzodiazepine use associated with the risk of dementia and cognitive impairment-not dementia in older persons? The Canadian study of health and aging

Background : The use of benzodiazepines in relation to cognitive decline remains an area of controversy in aging populations. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the risk of cognitive impairment–not dementia (CIND), Alzheimer disease (AD), and all-cause dementia with benzodiazepine use. The effect modification by sex was also investigated. Methods : Data come from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a 10-year multicentric study involving 10 263 participants randomly selected, 65 years and older, living in the community and in institutions. Current exposure to benzodiazepines was assessed in a face-to-face interview or self-reported in a questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard regression models, using age as time scale, were conducted to estimate hazard ratios, with adjustment for sex, education, smoking, alcohol intake, depression, physical activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and vascular comorbidities. Results : Data sets included 5281 participants for dementia as the outcome, 5015 for AD, and 4187 for CIND. Compared with nonusers, current use of benzodiazepines was associated with an increased risk of CIND (hazard ratio = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.08-1.72) in the simplest model. Results remained similar in the fully adjusted model (hazard ratio = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.04-1.68). There was no association between benzodiazepine use and the risk of dementia or AD. All these effects were similar between men and women. Conclusion and Relevance : Benzodiazepine use in older people from the general population is related to subsequent occurrence of cognitive dysfunction but not implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia or AD. Caution should be exercised when prescribing benzodiazepines to preserve global cognitive function

Polypharmacy in multimorbid older adults: protocol for a systematic review

Abstract Background Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medications, consistently evokes a negative connotation, notably because it is associated with a plethora of adverse events. Nonetheless, the number of individuals exposed to polypharmacy is increasing steeply, especially for older people with multiple diseases. There is a need to carefully study the phenomenon at the population scale to full assess the associated health outcomes. Yet, this reveals a complex task because there exists no consensus indicator of polypharmacy. In fact, the definitions of polypharmacy are heterogeneous and its predisposing factors and associated outcomes are not well defined. The goal of this systematic review is to summarize the literature on polypharmacy in multimorbid individuals aged 65 years and over, targeting three objectives: (1) to identify the definitions of polypharmacy that are used in the context of multimorbidity among older individuals (≥65 years); (2) to ascertain predisposing and concurrent factors associated with polypharmacy; and (3) to describe positive and negative outcomes of polypharmacy among older individuals, including hospitalizations, mortality and costs. Methods We will include publications from 2004 to 2016 that target four concepts: polypharmacy, older individuals, multimorbidity and positive/negative outcomes. The search will be performed using EBM Reviews, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, AgeLine, CINAHL, Health Policy Reference Center, Public Affairs Index, SocINDEX and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will screen the articles, extract the information and evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. The results will be presented in tables and narrative summaries will be performed. We will perform meta-analyses (objective 3) if the heterogeneity is not important. Discussion This review will help describe the various ways of conceptualizing polypharmacy and how it is associated with health outcomes. We have selected outcomes most relevant for public surveillance performed with administrative databases. Other positive and negative outcomes have been associated with polypharmacy but may not be included in the review. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD4201401498

A new care model reduces polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications in Long-Term Care

Objectives: Assess the impact of a new pharmaceutical care model on (1) polypharmacy and (2) potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Design: Pragmatic quasi-experimental study with a control group. This multifaceted model enables pharmacists and nurses to increase their professional autonomy by enforcing laws designed to expand their scope of practice. It also involves a strategic reorganization of care, interdisciplinary training, and systematic medication reviews. Setting and Participants: Two LTCFs exposed to the model (409 residents) were compared to 2 control LTCFs (282 residents) in Quebec, Canada. All individuals were aged 65 years or older and residing in included LTCFs. Measures: Polypharmacy ( 10 medications) and PIM (2015 Beers criteria) were analyzed throughout 12 months between March 2017 and June 2018. Groups were compared before and after implementation using repeated measures mixed Poisson or logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Results: Over 12 months, for regular medications, polypharmacy decreased from 42% to 20% (exposed group) and from 50% to 41% (control group) [difference in differences (DID): 13%, P < .001]. Mean number of PIMs also decreased from 0.79 to 0.56 (exposed group) and from 1.08 to 0.90 (control group) (DID: 0.05, P ¼ .002). Conclusions and Implications: Compared with usual care, this multifaceted model reduced the probability of receiving 10 medications and the mean number of PIMs. Greater professional autonomy, reorganization of care, training, and medication review can optimize pharmaceutical care. As the role of pharmacists is expanding in many countries, this model shows what could be achieved with increased professional autonomy of pharmacists and nurses in LTCFs