92 research outputs found
SVD-based on-line exercise ECG signal orthogonalization
Cataloged from PDF version of article.An orthogonalization method to eliminate unwanted
signal components in standard 12-lead exercise electrocardiograms
(ECG’s) is presented in this work. A singular-valuedecomposition-based
algorithm is proposed to decompose the
signal into two time-orthogonal subspaces; one containing the
ECG and the other containing artifacts like baseline wander and
electromyogram. The method makes use of redundancy in 12-
lead ECG. The same method is also tested for reconstruction
of a completely lost channel. The online implementation of the
method is given. It is observed that the first two decomposed
channels with highest energy are sufficient to reconstruct the STsegment
and J-point. The dimension of the signal space, on the
other hand, does not exceed three. Data from 23 patients, with
duration ranging from 9 to 21 min, are used
VLSI Circuits for adaptive digital beamforming in ultrasound imaging
Cataloged from PDF version of article.For phased-array ultrasound imaging, alternative
beamforming techniques and their VLSI circuits are studied
to form a fully digital receive frontad hardware. In order
to increase the timiig accuracy in beamforming, a computationally
efficient interpolation scheme to increase the sampling
rate is examined. For adaptive beamforming, a phase aberration
correction method with very low computational complexity is
described. Image quality performance of the method is examined
by processing the non-aberrated and aberrated phased-array
experimental data sets of an ultrasound resolution phantom. A
digital beamforming scheme based on receive focusing at the
raster focal points is examined. The sector images of the resolution
phantom, reconstructed from the phased-array experimental
data by beamforming at the radial and raster focal points, are
presented for comparison of the image resolution performances
of the two beamforming schemes. VLSI circuits and their implementations
for the proposed techniques are presented
Rayleigh-Bloch waves in CMUT arrays
Cataloged from PDF version of article.Using the small-signal electrical equivalent circuit of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) cell, along with the self and mutual radiation impedances of such cells, we present a computationally efficient method to predict the frequency response of a large CMUT element or array. The simulations show spurious resonances, which may degrade the performance of the array. We show that these unwanted resonances are due to dispersive Rayleigh-Bloch waves excited on the CMUT surface-liquid interface. We derive the dispersion relation of these waves for the purpose of predicting the resonance frequencies. The waves form standing waves at frequencies where the reflections from the edges of the element or the array result in a Fabry-Pérot resonator. High-order resonances are eliminated by a small loss in the individual cells, but low-order resonances remain even in the presence of significant loss. These resonances are reduced to tolerable levels when CMUT cells are built from larger and thicker lates at the expense of reduced bandwidth. © 2014 IEEE
Equivalent Circuit-Based Analysis of CMUT Cell Dynamics in Arrays
Cataloged from PDF version of article.Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) are usually composed of large arrays of closely packed cells. In this work, we use an equivalent circuit model to analyze CMUT arrays with multiple cells. We study the effects of mutual acoustic interactions through the immersion medium caused by the pressure field generated by each cell acting upon the others. To do this, all the cells in the array are coupled through a radiation impedance matrix at their acoustic terminals. An accurate approximation for the mutual radiation impedance is defined between two circular cells, which can be used in large arrays to reduce computational complexity. Hence, a performance analysis of CMUT arrays can be accurately done with a circuit simulator. By using the proposed model, one can very rapidly obtain the linear frequency and nonlinear transient responses of arrays with an arbitrary number of CMUT cells. We performed several finite element method (FEM) simulations for arrays with small numbers of cells and showed that the results are very similar to those obtained by the equivalent circuit model
Distribution of aortic mechanical prosthetic valve closure sound model parameters on the surface of chest
Cataloged from PDF version of article.It has been previously proposed that heart valve
closure sounds can be modeled by a sum of decaying sinusoids,
based on the hypothesis that the heart cavity, heart walls, major
vessels, and other structures in the chest constitute a frequency
selective linear acoustic system and this system is excited by the
rapidly decelerating valve occluder. In this study, distribution
of the parameters of this model for the second heart sound is
investigated. For this purpose, heart sounds of 10 patients who
have a St. Jude-type bileaflet mechanical heart valve prosthesis
in aortic position are recorded. Recordings are performed at 12
different locations on the surface of the chest. To reliably assign
representative parameters to each recording site, signal averaging,
model order selection, and a special filtration technique are
employed. The results of the analyses are discussed in relation to
the above hypothesis on the heart sound generation mechanism.
It is observed that site-to-site variation of frequencies of modes
does not exceed the accuracy limit of proposed analysis method,
but energies of these modes vary on the surface of the chest, and
as a result of statistical analysis, it appears that energy of some
modes are significantly different between two recording sites
A phase aberration correction method for ultrasound imaging
Cataloged from PDF version of article.A computationally efficient method for phase aberration
correction in ultrasound imaging is presented. The method
is based on time delay estimation via minimization of the sum of
absolute differences between radio frequency samples of adjacent
array elements. Effects of averaging estimated aberration patterns
over scan angles, and truncation to a single bit wordlength
are examined. Phase distortions due to near-field inhomogeneities
are simulated using silicone rubber aberrators. Performance of
the method is tested using experimental data. Simulation studies
addressing different factors affecting efficiency of the method,
such as the number of iterations, window length, and the number
of scan angles used for averaging, are presented. Images of a
standard resolution phantom are reconstructed and used for
qualitative testing
A Spectrally efficient PMR System Utilizing Broadcast Service
Cataloged from PDF version of article.Different trunked Private Mobile Radio (PMR) systems
have been designed over the last several decades, all of which
have symmetric downlink and uplink channel capacities. Due to
this symmetry, these systems may not be spectrally efficient in case
of different types of services, which are specific to PMR systems,
such as group and broadcast calls. In this study, a new asymmetric
trunked PMR system comprising a broadband, wide-area downlink
and a narrowband cellular uplink, is proposed to achieve a
higher spectral efficiency than current digital trunked PMR systems.
This system is spectrally more efficient because in group and
broadcast calls only a single downlink channel has to be allocated
in the downlink part. However, as the number of clusters in the
system increases, this advantage relative to PMR systems is lost,
since the latter can employ frequency reuse. Spectral efficiency of
the proposed asymmetric system (a-PMR) system and a standard
TETRA system are compared using numerical case studies against
different traffic loads and number of clusters. The optimum point,
with respect to number of clusters, up to which the proposed
a-PMR system is more efficient, is determined. It is shown that a
very large PMR user population can be efficiently served using
the proposed a-PMR system. The issues related to implementing
such a system are discussed
Radiation Impedance of Collapsed Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers
Cataloged from PDF version of article.The radiation impedance of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array is a critical parameter to achieve high performance. In this paper, we present a calculation of the radiation impedance of collapsed, clamped, circular CMUTs both analytically and using finite element method (FEM) simulations. First, we model the radiation impedance of a single collapsed CMUT cell analytically by expressing its velocity profile as a linear combination of special functions for which the generated pressures are known. For an array of collapsed CMUT cells, the mutual impedance between the cells is also taken into account. The radiation impedances for arrays of 7, 19, 37, and 61 circular collapsed CMUT cells for different contact radii are calculated both analytically and by FEM simulations. The radiation resistance of an array reaches a plateau and maintains this level for a wide frequency range. The variation of radiation reactance with respect to frequency indicates an inductance-like behavior in the same frequency range. We find that the peak radiation resistance value is reached at higher kd values in the collapsed case as compared with the uncollapsed case, where k is the wavenumber and d is the center-to-center distance between two neighboring CMUT cells
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