UTJECAJ KALCIZACIJE S DOLOMITOM NA PRINOSE ZRNA KUKURUZA I JEČMA

In a five year experiment the effect of liming on maize and spring barley grain yields and maize nutrient status were examined. The field trial with application of increasing rates of dolomite (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) containing 56% CaO and 40% MgO was conducted on the very acid soil with pH (KCl) 3.78 on the location in the central Croatia (45°30’ N, 17°11’ E). Maize crops were grown during 2003-2005 and 2007, whereas spring barley was grown in 2006. Soil chemical properties and maize leaf nutrient concentrations were evaluated after the second year of trial. Liming raised the soil pH by 2.62 pH units and AL-P2O5 by 5.65 mg 100 g-1 and increased crops yield in all years. There were no statistically confirmed differences between treatments with 10 and 15 t ha-1 dolomite for maize yields, while barley grain yield significantly increased only at the highest dolomite rate. Liming also improved maize nutritional status and increased P, Ca, Mg and Mo concentration and decreased high Mn content to the adequate range.Utjecaj kalcizacije na prinose zrna kukuruza i jaroga ječma te na nutritivni sastav lista kukuruza istraživan je tijekom pet godina. Poljski pokus s primjenom dolomita (0, 5, 10 i 15 t ha-1) koji sadržava 56% Cao i 40% MgO postavljen je na vrlo kiselome tlu s pH(KCl) 3,78 na lokaciji u središnjoj Hrvatskoj. Kukuruz je uzgajan tijekom 2003.-2005. i 2007. godine, a ječam 2006. godine. Kemijska svojstva tla i koncentracija elemenata u listu kukuruza analizirani su nakon druge godine pokusa. Kalcizacija je povisila pH vrijednost tla za 2,62 pH jedinice, a sadržaj AL-P2O5 za 5,65 mg 100 g-1 tla te povećala prinose zrna u svim godinama. Između tretmana s 10 i 15 t ha-1 dolomita nisu utvrđene statistički opravdane razlike za prinose zrna kukuruza, dok je prinos zrna ječma bio signifikantno viši samo uz najvišu dozu dolomita. Kalcizacija je, također, povećala koncentracije P, Ca, Mg i Mo u listu kukuruza te smanjila visoki sadržaj Mn do normalne vrijednosti

Uloga klirinških kuća u razvoju trgovanja izvedenim hartijama od vrednosti u Srbiji

The aim of the study was to analyze and suggest the optimal clearinghouse models in order to develop derivative contracts in the Serbia. One of the main characteristics of modern business is dynamics and increased degree of uncertainty. As a result of increased uncertainty, need for the development of trade with derivative securities on organized markets, as a risk management instruments, is increased. A necessary prerequisite for trading with these securities is a clearinghouse. The study shows that the developed derivative exchanges have beneficial and pronounced impact on the segment of risk management in the financial sector as well as in the commodity sector. The optimal model of clearing in Serbia is establishment of two clearinghouse models in the house clearinghouses and independent clearinghouses.Cilj rada je utvrđivanje optimalnog modela kliringa za razvoj tržišta derivatnih ugovora u Srbiji. Jedna od osnovnih karakteristika savremenog poslovanja je dinamičnost i povećanje stepena neizvesnosti. Kao posledica ovakvih pojava javila se potreba za razvojem trgovanja izvedenim hartijama od vrednosti na organizovanim tržištima, čime bi se poslovanje učinilo izvesnijim. Neophodan preduslov za trgovanje ovom vrstom hartija od vrednosti je uspostavljanje klirinške kuće. Rezultati rada pokazuju da bi tržište derivatnih ugovora imalo značajan povoljan uticaj na segment upravljanja rizikom u finansijskom sektoru kao i u robnom sektoru. Optimalan model kliringa u Srbiji bi bio omogućavanje osnivanja klirinške kuće na samoj berzi kao i nezavisne klirinške kuće

Predžetveno finansiranje u poljoprivredi

This paper's goal is to determine the significance of pre-harvest financing system for agricultural sector. The system of pre-harvest financing was introduced successfully for the first time in Brazil in 1994. Pre-harvest financing was implemented as a pilot project for Serbia and Ukraine, with great support of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A comparative analysis of Brazilian, Serbian and Ukrainian system of pre-harvest financing was carried out in this paper. Its results show that the system of pre-harvest financing is of great significance for the agricultural production financing. The analysis shows that a basic difference among these three systems was in issuing a contract for pre-harvest financing. Therefore, the Brazilian contract has a specific standardization level and ensures the secondary trading with these contracts.Cilj rada je utvrđivanje značaja predžetvenog finansiranja za poljoprivredni sektor. Sistem predžetvenog finansiranja je prvi put uveden u Brazilu 1994. godine. Ovaj sistem je uveden kao pilot projekat u Srbiji i Ukrajini od strane Evropske banke za obnovu i razvoj (EBRD). U ovom radu je sprovedena komparativna analiza brazilskog, ukrajinskog i srpskog sistema predžetvenog finansiranja. Rezultati su pokazali da je sistem predžetvenog finansiranja od velikog značaja za finansiranje poljoprivre-dne proizvodnje. Prema rezultatima u ovom radu osnovna razlika između tri sistema je u izdavanju samog ugovora o predžetvenom finansiranju. U bra-zilskom sistemu ugovor je u potpunosti standa-rdizovan što omogućuje sekjuritizaciju i sekundarno trgovanje ovim ugovorima

Ekonomska isplativost primene različitih količina azota u proizvodnji hibrida kukuruza različitih FAO grupa zrenja na zemljištu tipa černozem

The aim of this study is to determine the optimum quantity of nitrogen applied in corn production at which maximum profit is achieved. Optimal nitrogen application is important for two main reasons: first for achieving maximum profitability in the production of maize and other is to avoid environmental pollution as the nitrogen is one of the main polluters. In the three-year period (2005 - 2007) were performed research on the effects of nitrogen quantity (control - without fertilization, PKNfon, PKN60, PKN120 and PKN180) and hybrids of different vegetation length (ZPSC 434 ZPSC ZPSC 578 and 677) on yield and profitability. Increasing application of nitrogen tended to raise grain yield by 9.9 - 13.5%. The lowest average corn grain yield (9.49 t ha-1) was registered with the hybrid ZP 434. It was somewhat higher (9.75 t ha-1) with the hybrid ZP 578 and the highest corn grain yield (10.03 t ha-1) with ZP 677. Study shows that highest yield is not always most profitable. In production year with good water supply (2005) highest profit is achieved with moderate use of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1). In draught production years (2006 and 2007) highest profit was achieved with application of 60 to 120 kg ha-1.Cilj rada je utvrđivanje optimalne količine primene azota u gajenju kukuruza pri kojoj se ostvaruje maksimalni prihod. Optimalna aplikacija azota je važna iz dva razloga: prvo za postizanje maksimalne profitabilnosti u proizvodnji kukuruza i drugih je da se izbegne zagađenje životne sredine s obzirom da je azot je jedan od glavnih zagađivača. Istraživanja su sprovedena u periodu od tri godine (2005 - 2007) o efektima količine primenjenog azota (kontrola - bez đubrenja, PKNfon, PKN60, PKN120 i PKN180) i hibrida različite dužine vegetacije (ZPSC 434 ZPSC ZPSC 578 i 677) na prinos i profitabilnost proizvodnje. Povećanje primena azota ima tendenciju da podigne prinos od 9,9 - 13,5%. Najniža prosečan prinos zrna kukuruza (9,49 t ha-1) je registrovan kod hibrida ZP 434. Prinos je bio nešto veći (9,75 t ha-1) kod hibrida ZP 578 i najviši prinos zrna (10,03 t ha-1) sa ZP 677. Studija pokazuje da najveći prinos nije uvek najprofitabilnija. U proizvodnoj godini sa dobrim vodnim režimom (2005) najveći profit je ostvaren sa umerenom upotrebom azota (60 kg ha-1). U sušnim proizvodnim godinama (2006 i 2007) najviši profit ostvaren je sa primenom 60 do 120 kg ha-1

Značaj finansijske pismenosti za poljoprivredna gazdinstva u Srbiji

The aim of this paper is to analyse the level and the significance of farmers' financial knowledge or literacy, as well to propose measures for the improvement of financial skills in agricultural holdings. According to the paper's results, the level of farmers' financial knowledge is low; at the state level there hasn't been established satisfying financial education of farmers. It is necessary to establish continuous education programs in this field through agricultural extension services; at the state level, it is important to improve the coordination between different state bodies that conduct an educational program in agricultural sector, as well as the science research results and to make an educational material available to farmers. When considering the significance of financial literacy, it is usually analyzed from the perspective of adult people. However, recent studies indicate the importance of increasing financial literacy already at the level of youth or children. This theoretical concept is currently being accepted in the activities of the Government of the Republic of Serbia. In this regard, the Ministry of Economy has decided to introduce entrepreneurship to primary school through numerous projects.Cilj rada je analiza značaja posedovanja finansijskih znanja, nivoa finansijskih znanja poljoprivrednika, kao i analiza sa predlogom mera za unapređenje finansijskih znanja na poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima. Prema rezultatima rada nivo finansijskih znanja poljoprivrednika je nizak, a na državnom nivou nije uspostavljena zadovoljavajuća edukacija poljoprivrednika u ovoj oblasti. Neophodno je uspostaviti kontinuirane programe edukacije u ovoj oblasti preko poljoprivrednih stručnih službi; na državnom nivou neophodno je unaprediti koordinaciju različitih državnih organa koji sprovode program edukacije u poljoprivrednom sektoru, kao i rezultate nauke i edukacioni materijal učiniti dostupnim poljoprivrednicima. Kada se razmatra značaj finansijske pismenosti, ona se obično analizira iz perspektive odraslih ljudi. Međutim, nedavna istraživanja ukazuju na značaj povećanja finansijske pismenosti već na nivou mladih i dece. Ovaj teorijski koncept je trenutno prihvaćen u aktivnostima Vlade Republike Srbije. U tom smislu, Ministarstvo privrede je odlučilo da kroz brojne projekte otpočne promociju preduzetništva u osnovnim školama

Mogućnosti primene hedžing strategija na inostranim robnim berzama

The aim of the paper is to determine the possibilities of implementing hedging strategies of Serbian agricultural producers on foreign commodity exchanges. Considerable fluctuations in prices of agricultural products in Serbia create the need for the use of futures in commodity exchanges in order to protect against unfavourable change in prices of agricultural products in the future period. Due to the fact that Serbia has not established the trading in commodity derivatives, Serbian producers are having to use developed commodity exchanges abroad. The paper analyses the possibilities of using the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in the USA and the MATIF commodity exchange in Paris, looking at two aspects of the activities. First, the correlation of corn prices on domestic and foreign commodity exchanges was investigated, given that it is the basic prerequisite for the application of successful hedging strategies and, secondly, legal requirements, primarily tax policies related to trade of futures contracts. This paper has found that there is a high correlation between the crops price in the foreign commodity markets and spot market in Serbia, which provides a solid basis for the implementation of hedging strategies for underlying assets in foreign commodity markets. However, it has been found that inadequate taxation policy is an aggravating factor for the implementation of hedging strategies.Cilj rada je utvrđivanje mogućnosti za primenu hedžing strategija srpskih poljoprivrednih proizvođača na inostranim robnim berzama. Visoka fluktacija cena poljoprivrednih proizvoda u Srbiji uslovljava potrebu za korišćenjem terminskih robnih berzi, u cilju zaštite od nepovoljnog kretanja cena poljoprivrednih proizvoda u budućem periodu. S obzirom na to da u Srbiji nije uspostavljeno terminsko trgovanje robnim derivatima, srpski proizvođači su upućeni na korišćenje razvijenih robnih berzi u inostranstvu. U radu su analizirane mogućnosti korišćenja Čikaške robne berze u SAD i MATIF robne berze u Parizu. Izvršena je analiza sa dva aspekta: prvi, korelisanost cena kukuruza sa domaće berze i inostranih berzi, s obzirom na to da je ona osnovni preduslov za primenu uspešnih hedžing strategija i drugi, zakonski uslovi, prevashodno poreske politike u vezi sa trgovinom terminskim ugovorima. U radu je utvrđen visok stepen povezanosti cena žitarica na inostranim robnim berzama i spot tržištu u Srbiji, što daje dobru osnovu za primenu hedžing strategija na ovu baznu aktivu na inostranim robnim berzama. Ipak, neadekvatni poreski propisi otežavaju primenu ovih strategija