Bioethics in Russia: a Complex Scientific Discipline at the Intersection of Philosophy, Biology, Culture and Law

The article describes the formation of bioethics — a complex scientific discipline — in our country. The emergence of bioethics in the world dates back to the 1970s of the 20th century, in the Soviet Union it began to take shape during the period of perestroika as part of the activities of Academician Ivan Timofeevich Frolov (1929–1999). Bioethics deals with ethical issues that arise during the introduction of the latest biomedical technologies into practice, the solution of which can have various medical, cultural, legal, and financial consequences. The latest biomedical technologies open up new possibilities for a person (heredity management, genetic passport, etc.) and put a person in a situation of choice. Their future depends on what choice people will make, and this choice is determined by the state of the culture of society. In the field of bioethics, regulation is crucial and should be comprehensive and multi-stage. Philosophers, culturologists, and ethicists formulate general principles of regulation based on the ideology of humanism. Further on, scientists consider these recommendations and develop appropriate codes of conduct, while lawyers consolidate the new understanding within the legal system. The formation of such an integrated approach in Russia took place within the framework of scientific structures created by Academician I. T. Frolov, — the AllUnion Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences, the Institute of Man of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian National Committee on Bioethics (RNKB), the Russian Committee on Bioethics under the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO. In these structures, expert work was carried out on the main documents related to the interaction of the Russian Federation with the Council of Europe in the field of bioethics. RNKB prepared expert opinions for the Department of European Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Department for International Humanitarian Cooperation and Human Rights of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation regarding Russia's accession to international conventions on bioethics

Infrared fiber-optical sensor for determining the composition of technical environment in energy

In this paper, we present a fiber-optic diode laser sensor with infrared light guides based on silver halide halides and thallium iodide for measuring and controlling the composition and temperature of various technical solid, liquid and gaseous substances. The sensor allows measurements in hard-to-reach places and severe operating conditions of devices: at low temperatures, vibrations and high pressures, which makes its application promising for the energy.В работе представлен волоконно-оптический датчик с ИК-световодами на основе кристаллов AgBr-TlI для измерения и контроля состава и температуры различных технических веществ и твердых тел. Датчик позволяет осуществлять измерения бесконтактным способом в изолированных местах и тяжелых условиях эксплуатации устройств: при низких температурах, вибрациях и высоких давлениях, что делает его применение перспективным для отрасли энергетики

Modeling experimental glaucoma for screening studies of antiglaucomatous activity

The conducted studies of four models of glaucoma and their three modifications in animals made it possible to select two of them, which contributed to a stable and fairly long-term increase in IOP in rabbits (introduction of finely dispersed kaolin into the anterior chamber of the eye) and rats (adrenalineinduced model

Identification and synthesis of metabolites of the new antiglaucoma drug

The determination of biotransformation products is an essential part of the preclinical trial of original medicines. These studies have not been conducted before for the new drug 5-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-1,2-oxazole-3-yl]-furan-2-sulfonamide. Identification and synthesis of metabolite substances are necessary for subsequent tests of bioavailability, linearity of pharmacokinetics, accumulation, distribution and excretio

Multimodal characterization of broadband, polycrystalline silver halide fibre bundle for confocal laser scanning microscopy in the near-mid infrared spectra

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant No. 18-73-11063

Manufacture of optical ceramics based on two solid solutions of the AgBr - (TlBr0.46I0.54) system

This work is devoted to the synthesis and the optical properties study of a new multicomponent heterophase ceramic based on two solid solutions of the AgBr - (TlBr0.46I0.54) system. Ceramics are transparent in the infrared range from 1.0 to 40.0 ÷ 50.0 μm, non-hygroscopic, are photo- and radiation-resistant, flexible, as a result of which various optical products are made from it by hot embossing. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant No. 18-73-10063

Highly Transparent Ceramics for the Spectral Range from 1.0 to 60.0 μm Based on Solid Solutions of the System AgBr-AgI-TlI-TlBr

The article is devoted to the technology for obtaining optical ceramics of AgBr-TlI and AgBr-TlBr0.46I0.54 systems and manufacturing samples with different compositions. The new heterophase crystal ceramics are transparent without absorption windows in the spectral range from 1.0 to 60.0 μm. In the ceramics' transparency spectra based on the AgBr-TlI and AgBr-TlBr0.46I0.54 systems fusibility diagrams, with an increase in the thallium halides mass fraction, as well as the replacement of the bromine ion with iodine, the maximum transparency shifts to a long infrared region. © 2021 Chinese Optics Letters.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (No. 18-73-10063)

Terahertz Crystal

FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to terahertz (THz) materials, namely to crystals in demand for use in medicine, pharmaceuticals, customs remote control and other areas. The terahertz crystal according to the invention is characterized by being made on the basis of single-phase solid solutions of the AgCl - AgBr system, containing silver chloride and bromide at the following ratio of ingredients, wt. % : silver chloride - 0.0 to 90.0; silver bromide - 90.0 to 10.0. EFFECT: invention allows to form crystals transmitting emission in a wide spectral range, from terahertz to millimeter, infrared and visible ranges with high optical transparency from non-toxic, non-hygroscopic, plastic materials. 1 cl.Изобретение относится к терагерцовым (ТГц) материалам, а именно к кристаллам востребованных для применения в медицине, фармацевтике, таможенном дистанционном контроле и в других областях. Терагерцовый кристалл согласно изобретению характеризуется тем, что выполнен на основе однофазных твердых растворов системы AgCl - AgBr, содержит хлорида и бромида серебра при следующем соотношении ингредиентов, мас. %: хлорид серебра - 0,0-90,0; бромид серебра - 90,0-10,0. Изобретение обеспечивает возможность формировать кристаллы, пропускающие излучение в широкой спектральной области - от терагерцового до миллиметрового, инфракрасного и видимого диапазонов с высокой оптической прозрачностью из нетоксичных, негигроскопичных, пластичных материалов

INVESTIGATION OF RADIATION RESISTANCE OF SINGLE CRYSTALS AND OPTICAL CERAMICS BASED ON THALLIUM AND SILVER HALIDES

The research of radiation resistance of single crystals and optical ceramics based on the systems AgCl0.75Br0.25 – TlCl0.74Br0.26; TlBr0.54I0.46 – AgCl0.75Br0.25. is presented in this paper. As a result of beta and gamma irradiation, an insignificant change in the transmittance level of the samples.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 21-73-10108, https://rscf.ru/project/21-73-10108/