681 research outputs found
SimLex-999: Evaluating Semantic Models with (Genuine) Similarity Estimation
We present SimLex-999, a gold standard resource for evaluating distributional
semantic models that improves on existing resources in several important ways.
First, in contrast to gold standards such as WordSim-353 and MEN, it explicitly
quantifies similarity rather than association or relatedness, so that pairs of
entities that are associated but not actually similar [Freud, psychology] have
a low rating. We show that, via this focus on similarity, SimLex-999
incentivizes the development of models with a different, and arguably wider
range of applications than those which reflect conceptual association. Second,
SimLex-999 contains a range of concrete and abstract adjective, noun and verb
pairs, together with an independent rating of concreteness and (free)
association strength for each pair. This diversity enables fine-grained
analyses of the performance of models on concepts of different types, and
consequently greater insight into how architectures can be improved. Further,
unlike existing gold standard evaluations, for which automatic approaches have
reached or surpassed the inter-annotator agreement ceiling, state-of-the-art
models perform well below this ceiling on SimLex-999. There is therefore plenty
of scope for SimLex-999 to quantify future improvements to distributional
semantic models, guiding the development of the next generation of
representation-learning architectures
Cross-Lingual Induction and Transfer of Verb Classes Based on Word Vector Space Specialisation
Existing approaches to automatic VerbNet-style verb classification are
heavily dependent on feature engineering and therefore limited to languages
with mature NLP pipelines. In this work, we propose a novel cross-lingual
transfer method for inducing VerbNets for multiple languages. To the best of
our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrates how the architectures
for learning word embeddings can be applied to this challenging
syntactic-semantic task. Our method uses cross-lingual translation pairs to tie
each of the six target languages into a bilingual vector space with English,
jointly specialising the representations to encode the relational information
from English VerbNet. A standard clustering algorithm is then run on top of the
VerbNet-specialised representations, using vector dimensions as features for
learning verb classes. Our results show that the proposed cross-lingual
transfer approach sets new state-of-the-art verb classification performance
across all six target languages explored in this work.Comment: EMNLP 2017 (long paper
Marketing performance measurement in B2B service companies : a multiple case study
Prior research has recognised the positive relationship between an organisation’s ability to control marketing activities through marketing performance measurement (MPM), and the attainment of that organisation’s marketing and business performance goals. Although the positive relationship between marketing activities and financial outcomes is currently widely accepted, marketing practitioners have found it difficult to measure and communicate the value of marketing to top management and others in the organisation. Still, empirical research has provided surprisingly little evidence of the key contingencies that can affect the successful application of MPM. Moreover, the majority of the marketing performance measurement research is only derived from business-to-consumer (B2C) markets.
The purpose of this research is thus to understand the factors that affect the successful application of marketing performance measurement in B2B service companies. This issue is examined empirically through a qualitative case study approach. The data was collected through semi-structured theme interviews with 12 marketing and sales decision-makers having at least moderate MPM experience. The interviewed individuals work in 10 case companies operating in different industries in the B2B service field. Further, 6 exploratory expert interviews were carried out to improve the preliminary understanding of the phenomenon under study and also to facilitate in the choosing of the case companies and the key informants within these selected companies.
This study finds that there is no typical MPM process. Instead, the MPM process should always be adopted to fit the company specific context. In the context of B2B service companies, 5 industry level factors and 9 corporate level factors were found to influence the successful application of MPM
Adversarial Propagation and Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Word Vector Specialization
Semantic specialization is the process of fine-tuning pre-trained
distributional word vectors using external lexical knowledge (e.g., WordNet) to
accentuate a particular semantic relation in the specialized vector space.
While post-processing specialization methods are applicable to arbitrary
distributional vectors, they are limited to updating only the vectors of words
occurring in external lexicons (i.e., seen words), leaving the vectors of all
other words unchanged. We propose a novel approach to specializing the full
distributional vocabulary. Our adversarial post-specialization method
propagates the external lexical knowledge to the full distributional space. We
exploit words seen in the resources as training examples for learning a global
specialization function. This function is learned by combining a standard
L2-distance loss with an adversarial loss: the adversarial component produces
more realistic output vectors. We show the effectiveness and robustness of the
proposed method across three languages and on three tasks: word similarity,
dialog state tracking, and lexical simplification. We report consistent
improvements over distributional word vectors and vectors specialized by other
state-of-the-art specialization frameworks. Finally, we also propose a
cross-lingual transfer method for zero-shot specialization which successfully
specializes a full target distributional space without any lexical knowledge in
the target language and without any bilingual data.Comment: Accepted at EMNLP 201
Gendered pathways from academic performance, motivational beliefs, and school burnout to adolescents’ educational and occupational aspirations
This study examined Finnish 9th-graders’ (N = 966) pathways to educational and occupational aspirations considering two academic domains: mathematics and reading. Multi-group structural equation models were conducted to investigate how domain-specific performance and motivational beliefs (self-concept and interest), and more general school burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy) relate to boys' and girls' aspirations. Performance in both domains was related to girls' educational aspirations, but only mathematics was linked to boys' aspirations. Positive within-domain relations from girls' motivational beliefs were also found, but their reading self-concept was negatively linked to their math-related occupational aspirations. For boys, only math-related motivational beliefs were associated with their aspirations. Lastly, school burnout was both directly and indirectly linked to students' aspirations. Overall, the study demonstrated the importance of including several factors when investigating students’ aspired educational degrees and occupational plans and, also, the added value of examining educational and occupational aspirations across academic domains.Peer reviewe
Link prediction in drug-target interactions network using similarity indices.
BACKGROUND: In silico drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction plays an integral role in drug repositioning: the discovery of new uses for existing drugs. One popular method of drug repositioning is network-based DTI prediction, which uses complex network theory to predict DTIs from a drug-target network. Currently, most network-based DTI prediction is based on machine learning - methods such as Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) or Support Vector Machines (SVM). These methods require additional information about the characteristics of drugs, targets and DTIs, such as chemical structure, genome sequence, binding types, causes of interactions, etc., and do not perform satisfactorily when such information is unavailable. We propose a new, alternative method for DTI prediction that makes use of only network topology information attempting to solve this problem. RESULTS: We compare our method for DTI prediction against the well-known RBM approach. We show that when applied to the MATADOR database, our approach based on node neighborhoods yield higher precision for high-ranking predictions than RBM when no information regarding DTI types is available. CONCLUSION: This demonstrates that approaches purely based on network topology provide a more suitable approach to DTI prediction in the many real-life situations where little or no prior knowledge is available about the characteristics of drugs, targets, or their interactions
Unsupervised Declarative Knowledge Induction for Constraint-Based Learning of Information Structure in Scientific Documents
Inferring the information structure of scientific
documents is useful for many NLP applications.
Existing approaches to this task require
substantial human effort. We propose
a framework for constraint learning that reduces
human involvement considerably. Our
model uses topic models to identify latent topics
and their key linguistic features in input
documents, induces constraints from this information
and maps sentences to their dominant
information structure categories through
a constrained unsupervised model. When
the induced constraints are combined with a
fully unsupervised model, the resulting model
challenges existing lightly supervised featurebased
models as well as unsupervised models
that use manually constructed declarative
knowledge. Our results demonstrate that useful
declarative knowledge can be learned from
data with very limited human involvement.This is the final published version. It first appeared at https://tacl2013.cs.columbia.edu/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/472
Academic Well-Being, Mathematics Performance, and Educational Aspirations in Lower Secondary Education : Changes Within a School Year
It has been suggested that both performance and academic well-being play a role in adolescent students' educational attainment and school dropout. In this study, we therefore examined, first, what kinds of academic well-being (i.e., school burnout, schoolwork engagement, and mathematics self-concept) and mathematics performance profiles can be identified among lower secondary school students (N-grade (7) = 583, N-grade 9 = 497); second, how stable these profiles are across one school year during the seventh and ninth grades; and, third, how students with different academic well-being and mathematics performance profiles differ with respect to their educational aspirations. By means of latent profile analyses, three groups of students in seventh grade: thriving (34%), average (51%), and negative academic well-being (15%) and four groups of students in ninth grade: thriving (25%), average (50%), negative academic well-being (18%), and low-performing (7%) with distinct well-being and mathematics performance profiles were identified. Configural frequency analyses revealed that the profiles were relatively stable across one school year; 60% of the students displayed identical profiles over time. The thriving students reported the highest educational aspirations compared to the other groups. In addition, the low-performing students in the ninth grade had the lowest educational aspirations just before the transition to upper secondary school. Practical implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.Peer reviewe
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