1,872 research outputs found
Continuous Monitoring System for the Wastewaters Having Multiply, Randomly, and Small Effluent Characteristics -Approarch to Analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand by Complete Flow Process-
A simple system was developed for the fully automatic and continuous measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater samples based on colorimetry of dichromate. A sample and a solution of sulfuric acid (1+1) containing 2mM potassium dichromate are continuously pumped with a double-reciprocating micro-pump at each flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The wastewater sample is filtered at first with a 100-mesh stainless filter and then mixed with the dichromate solution in the mixing joint. The mixture is introduced into a reaction coil made of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) tubing (1 mm i.d., 3 mm o.d., and 20 m length), being placed in an oil bath (120℃). After reaction, the mixture passes into a quartz tubular flow-through cell (10 mm path length, 18 μl volume) in a spectrophotometer, and the absorbance is measured at 445 nm. The COD value of the sample is automatically estimated from the amount of decreased absorbance. The system was successfully applied to COD measurement of some waters, and to continuous monitoring of COD in wastewater of university laboratories. The system was also evaluated by comparing with the flow injection analyzer system previously developed by the authors
Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Developing Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues (NBER-EASE volume 7)
Magmatism and dynamics of continental breakup in the presence of a mantle plume
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2000This thesis studies the dynamics of mantle melting during continental breakups by
geophysical, geochemical, and numerical analyses. The first part focuses on the mantle
melting and crustal accretion processes during the formation of the Southeast Greenland
margin, on the basis of deep-crustal seismic data. A new seismic tomographic method is
developed to jointly invert refraction and reflection travel times for a compressional
velocity structure, and a long-wavelength structure with strong lateral heterogeneity is
successfully recovered, including 30- to 15-km-thick igneous crust within a 150-km-wide
continent-ocean transition zone. A nonlinear Monte Carlo analysis is also conducted to
establish the absolute uncertainty of model parameters. The derived crustal structure is first
used to resolve the origin of a margin gravity high, with new inversion schemes using both
seismic and gravity constraints. Density anomalies producing the gravity high seem to be
confined within the upper crust, not in the lower crust as suggested for other volcanic
margins. A new robust framework is then developed for the petrological interpretation of
the velocity structure of igneous crust, and the thick igneous crust formed at the continent-ocean
transition zone is suggested to have resulted from vigorous active upwelling of
mantle with only somewhat elevated potential temperature. In the second part, the nature
of mantle melting during the formation of the North Atlantic igneous province is studied
on the basis of the major element chemistry of erupted lavas. A new fractionation
correction scheme based on the Ni concentrations of mantle olivine is used to estimate
primary melt compositions, which suggest that this province is characterized by a large
degree of major element source heterogeneity. In the third part, the nature of preexisting
sublithospheric convection is investigated by a series of finite element analyses, because
the strength of such convection is important to define the "normal" state of mantle, the
understanding of which is essential to identify any anomalous behavior of mantle such as a
mantle plume. The results suggest that small-scale convection is likely in normal
asthenosphere, and that the upwelling velocity in such convection is on the order of 1-10
cm/yr
Rapid solidification of Earth's magma ocean limits early lunar recession
The early evolution of the Earth-Moon system prescribes the tidal environment
of the Hadean Earth and holds the key to the formation mechanism of the Moon
and its thermal evolution. Estimating its early state by backtracking from the
present, however, suffers from substantial uncertainties associated with ocean
tides. Tidal evolution during the solidification of Earth's magma ocean, on the
other hand, has the potential to provide robust constraints on the Earth-Moon
system before the appearance of a water ocean. Here we show that energy
dissipation in a solidifying magma ocean results in considerably more limited
lunar recession than previously thought, and that the Moon was probably still
at the distance of 7-9 Earth radii at the end of solidification. This
limited early recession aggravates the often overlooked difficulty of modeling
tidal dissipation in Earth's first billion years, but it also offers a new
possibility of resolving the lunar inclination problem by allowing the
operation of multiple excitation mechanisms
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