The qualities of the type 500 flours for the production of bread imported in the republic of Kosovo

The quality of baking products is dependent on wheat respectively flour. During the grinding process there are produced many types of flour which can be divided into different types according to the mineral content. The typical flour for making bread is from the type 500 flour so its quality has a special place in the industry of bread production. The analyzed flour is an import to Republic of Kosovo. From the results that we have gotten we can see that the humidity level of the flour is in between the allowed boundaries at 13.238±1.08%, the acidity degree is also in between the allowed boundaries at 1.765±0.087%, the mineral matter content is characteristic to the type 500 flour at 0.48±0.02 of which we have iron at 40.49±14.67%. The proteins as a key factor to the baking technology are at a lower content at 11.016±0.33% but the content of wet gluten is at an average of 25.675±0.47%, also the sediment value as a factor on bread quality is at an average of 35.85±1.5cm3

Chemical composition and nutritional value of Raspberry fruit (Rubus idaeus L.)

Raspberries fruits (Rubus idaeus L.) as important part of our diet are known for their sensory and nutritional characteristics, because of high content of essential nutrients that are beneficial for biological activity in human health. A high consumption of plant foods, such as raspberries, appears to decrease the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and overall mortality. It can also promote a healthy complexion, increased energy, and overall lower weight. Nutritional quality was analyzed through by chemical parameter of fresh raspberry samples from plantation in Kosovo area at the ripe stage. The following quality parameters were determined in the raspberry’s fruits: pH, dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS/◦Brix), total acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, vitamin C, protein, and lipids. Results can be used to inform potential raspberry farmers about the nutritional qualities and consumer preferences for raspberries. The rich nutritional composition of the studied fruits makes them a very special diet. All statistical analysis performed using the MS Excel program and SPSS 22.0 statistics software

Effect of extraction solvent on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. grown in Kosovo region

Achillea millefolium L. is a plant of the family Asteraceae, commonly known as yarrow, which grows and is being distributed in countries of Europe. Achillea millefolium L. has been traditionally used in medicine. The medical properties of Achillea millefolium L. have been known for a long time. This study aims at assessments of the total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. flowers, grown in Kosovo region. Solvent extracts with different polarity (aqueous, ethanol-EtOH, methanol-MeOH, ethyl acetate-EtOAc, acetone) from the flowers of Achillea millefolium L. are analyzed. The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analyzed by using Folin–Ciocalteu’s and AlCl3 reagents, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH in vitro assay methods. The extract obtained by methanol showed the highest total antioxidant activity and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (51.9±0.3 μMol/g). The same extract also exhibited the highest phenolic content (52.6±0.3 mg GAE/g) and the highest flavonoid content (27.8±0.2 mg CE/g). Further studies need the assessment to quantify and isolate the phytochemicals from Achillea millefolium L. flowers, grown within the Kosovo region, which might serve as a cheap natural antioxidants in food and drug industry

Environmentally Friendly Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rosa canina L. fruits Using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as Green Extraction Media

In this study, the green extraction of Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruits was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with deep eutectic solvents (DES). A deep eutectic solvent-based on citric acid has been specially designed. Hydrogen bond donors (HBD) such as glycerol and ethylene glycol were used and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) like citric acid was used. After choosing the best option of DES, extraction of the bioactive ingredients, optimal extraction conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction have been optimized through the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). Total phenolics content (TPC), total anthocyanins content (TAA), and antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) have been found as 103.37 mg GAE/g DW in DES2, 92.23 mg GAE/g DW in DES1, 3.25mg C3G/100g-DW in DES2,1.31 mg C3G/100g-DW in DES1, and 101.85% Inhibition in DES2, 94.32 %. The results showed that this method is a competitive sustainable, green, and effective extraction of bioactive compounds from Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruits

Characterization of mineral composition of leaves and flowers of wild-growing Sambucus nigra

The objective of this study was to determine the mineral content in the leaves and flowers of wild-grown Sambucus nigra collected from eleven different locations in Kosovo. The samples were digested in a microwave system using the wet digestion method. The minerals were determined by the application of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 31 elements were determined, 15 elements by the ICP-AES method (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, V, and Zn) and 16 elements by the ICP-MS method (Ag, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, Hg, In, Li, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U). The leaves of S. nigra show a higher content of minerals compared to the flowers, except for the flower of the sample SN-FL10, which is characterized by a high concentration of Fe, Al, Pb, Be, and Tl. The concentration of heavy metals and toxic elements (Pb, Cd, and Hg) was within the permissible concentrations according to Eur. Ph

Health Benefits and Applications of Red Berries in Functional Food Products Development

The abundance of very useful bioactive substances found in red berry fruits, which have the potential to have a favorable impact on human health, makes them a popular food throughout the world. Red berries have a long history of use in various cultures as food and medicine due to their nutritional content. Red berries have gained popularity over the past 20 years and are now used as a functional food since they contain a variety of bioactive substances that have positive effects on health. Additionally, as a source of functional compounds with potential industrial applications, they are drawing more study attention. The antioxidant qualities of red berries, scientific proof of their health effects based on human interventional research, safety issues, red berry processing methods, and uses of red berry-based ingredients in creating functional food items are the main topics of this mini-review

Determination of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Milk from Three Different Regions

One of the primary foods for human health is milk and dairy products. In dairy industry measuring the quality of milk is crucial for procesing and production of dairy products. Determination of milk quality is done through physico-chemical analysis. Out of 70 milk samples were analyzed from the region of Malisheva, Rugova and Skenderaj. The average fat results in order were 3.98%, 4.06% and 3.92% respectively, the average pH results in order were 7.12, 7.17 and 7.09 respectively. The results of physico-chemical analyzes can be used for various reasons such as milk payment and is of great importance in the processing of milk into dairy products

The Distribution of Minerals in Crucial Parts of Mountain tea (Sideritis scardica Griseb.)

The aim of this study was the determination of mineral content in spontaneous flowering stems and rosette leaves of mountain tea (Sideritis scardica Griseb.) collected in four different localities in North Macedonia. The plant material was air-dried, packed in paper bags, and kept in a dark and cold place until analysis. Samples were digested in a microwave system by the wet digestion method. The minerals were determined by the application of inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The rosette leaves exhibit a very similar mineral content profile to the flowering stems of S. scardica, and accordingly can be recommended as a plant material of this endemic aromatic plant

Water quality assessment for irrigation purposes in Peja-Istog area, Kosovo

The quality of irrigation water is assessed in the main water sources of Peja-Istog area, Kosovo. Thirty-two water samples were collected in the sampling points during the peak dry season (2015). Sixteen of these samples were collected in July, whereas the rest were collected in August from the same sampling points. The content of the samples have been analyzed. The classification used to assess the suitability of irrigation water for various qualities are FAO and USSL classification criteria. An additional evaluation for the suitability of irrigation water was also used including assessment of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bi-carbonate (RSBC), magnesium content (MAR), permeability index (PI), and Kelly’s ratio (KR). The results of physicchemical analyses and calculated parameters of water quality suggest that all water samples are suitable for irrigation purposes. Therefore, the surface water of this area is of an excellent quality and is highly recommended for irrigation purposes

DETERMINATION OF MACRONUTRIENTS, MICRONUTRIENTS AND HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SAMBUCUS NIGRA FROM KOSOVO

The aim of this study was the determination of macroelements, microelements, heavy metals, and potentially toxic elements in spontaneous leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra collected in different localities in Kosovo. The plant material was air-dried, packed in paper bags, and kept in a dark and cold place until analysis. Samples were digested in a microwave system by the wet digestion method. The minerals were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) method and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The leaves exhibit a very similar mineral profile to the flowers of S. nigra. Variation in the content of the elements between leaves and flowers of S. nigra was observed with respect to geographical localities