The fall and holocaust of Andalusian Muslims (1490-1614 CE/896-1023AH) : lesson of history which always will be repeated if it is not learned or became neglected

The Holocaust of Muslims ofAI-Andalus is one of the darkest pages of history of thc Christian Europe and simultaneously one of the most tragic periods in the history of the Islamic West. This era of the planned, sustained and systematically executed policy of total eradication of Islam from the southwestern Europe was authorized by the "Renaissance" popes and the European Roman-Catholic monarchs after the surrender of the last Muslim state of Granada in 1492 CE/897A

The connection between Ma`ani Nahwi in Arabic and Modistae in Latin: an approach to the history of linguistic studies

The research emphasizes on the connection between the Arabic concept of ma`ani nahwi and modistae in Latin. In order to identify this connection, the researcher has to elaborate on the role of Aristotle’s categories in influencing the concept of modistae in the Middle Ages first. The paper will then reevaluate the influence of Muslim philosophers such as al-Farabi (c.870-c.950 AD), Avicenna (980-1037 AD) and Averoes (c.1126-c.1198 AD) in Latin and clarify the role of Jurjani (d.1078 AD) in introducing his concept of nazm towards ma`ani nahwi. The result of the research will also enhance the understanding of the relationship between syntax and semantic which has not been effectively clarified within the framework of traditional Arabic grammatical theory

The Iberian crusaderism and the end of Pax Islamica in the Indian Ocean

The Christian European corsairs andpirates cruised against Muslim sea merchants in the Indian Ocean with the spiritual blessing of the powerful churches in Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, England and France. Their conquests ofthe prosperous Muslim seaports in the Indian Ocean were authorized by the royal courts ofthe new western powers and the militant religious orders The Iberian sea rovers were formidable rogues of western Christendom waging the first global naval anti-Islamic crusade in the new Era ofGunpowder. The commercial interests of Islamic states were extensively damaged by Portuguese and Spanish intercontinental prowlers who operatedfrom hidden harbors ofsmall oceanic islands located between the southern coasts of Africa and Malay Archipelago. The Protestant English and Dutch 'Honourable and Grandest' Companies ofEast India trading spices, emerged as the most powerful enterprises from the oceanic war ofattrition against the equally acquisitive Portuguese, French and Spanish seafaring 'papists '. While he Malay sea trade and Gujarati costal trade suffered substantial loses, it was the South Arabia which lost its dominant role in the oceanic commerce. Arabia Felix became 'Ireland' of the Islamic South in the Golden Age ofEuropiracy. The author examines the historical geography ofclash ofreligions and economies in the Maritime Afrasia