2 research outputs found
ΠΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌ 20-ΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°)
On the basis of the proceedings of the 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians the authors, who had attended the conference as part of the Russian delegation, reviewed key novations that were proposed and discussed under the auspices of the International Labour Organization. The article covers the adopted resolutions and recommendations that aim to ensure international comparability of indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs enable decent work and promote methodological consistency across countries when it comes to specific topics of labour statistics such as work relationships, child labour and a number of other priority areas.The focal point of the article is the analysis of key provisions and concepts adopted at the conference, in particular, the Resolution concerning statistics on work relationships. It defines the operational concepts, classifications and information sources for compiling statistical surveys of workers in a fundamentally new aspect - characteristics of the work relationship. The article covers statistical classification that can serve as a basis when identifying and classifying workers by characteristics of the work relationship following the cross-cutting variables and categories: the type of authority and the type of economic risk. The paper provides insights into the scheme of the interrelation of statistics on work relationships, listed in the Resolution, that had been developed by the authors.The authors formulated recommendations on directions for onward development of labour statistics with regard to international standards.Β ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² 20-ΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° (ΠΠΠ‘Π’) Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ - ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ - ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π Π‘Π’Π), ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ - ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ
This article presents the following subjects: - review of methodological questions associated with carrying out of one of the oldest surveys in the system of state statistics, which is the distribution of employees of organizations by accrued wages, and features of these distributions; formation of projected calculations of distribution series and their features during intersurvey period; - historical stages of formation of distribution series and their characteristics for the last 20 years; - analysis, peculiarities of distribution series and their characteristics for the Russian economy in general, kinds of economic activities, regions of the country at each and every stage of economic development for the period from 1986 to 2016 are defined; - selected economic activities in which calculations of actual and projected distribution series and their characteristics point out the shortcomings in organization of work process and remuneration that call for making serious decisions. The authors present the calculation table for the basic features of the distribution series for the 1986-2016. It includes two enumeration methods of basic features by mean interval wages derived from survey data and estimated mean interval wages, defined as a semi-sum of interval limits. This makes it possible to visually determine the capabilities and benefits of each of the proposed enumeration methods. On the basis of thorough analysis of actual and estimated distribution series and their features the authors highlighted economic activities that require serious consideration when it comes to methods of organization and remuneration.Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅: - ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄; - ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30 Π»Π΅Ρ; - ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° 1986-2016 Π³Π³.; - Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° 1986-2016 Π³Π³. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°