High-Power Microwave Wideband Random Signal Measurement and Narrowband Signal Detection Against the Noise Background

A method of both measurement of power parameters of a microwave wideband intense random signal and detection of a narrow-band signal with unknown frequency and power against a background of this wideband signal is presented. This method is based on nonheterodyne frequency and power conversion using a gyromagnetic converter that operates in two regimes: resonance detection and cross-multiplication. The wideband spectrum envelope of a random signal is visualized, and by switching two regimes and using correspondent filtration of the converted RF signal, the narrowband signals can be detected and measured. The block-scheme and operation of a two-channel measuring device combining both functions are discusse

The impact of interpersonal relationships on rural doctors’ clinical courage

Introduction: Clinical courage occurs when rural doctors push themselves to the limits of their scope of practice to provide the medical care needed by patients in their community. This mental strength to venture, persevere and act out of concern for one’s patient, despite a lack of formally recognised expertise, becomes necessary for doctors who work in relative professional isolation. Previous research by the authors suggested that the clinical courage of rural doctors relies on the relationships around them. This article explores in more depth how relationships with others can impact on clinical courage. Methods: At an international rural medicine conference in 2017, doctors who practised rural/remote medicine were invited to participate in the study. Twenty-seven semistructured interviews were conducted exploring experiences of clinical courage. Initial analysis of the material, using a hermeneutic phenomenological frame, sought to understand the meaning of clinical courage. In the original analysis, an emic question arose: ‘How do interpersonal relationships impact on clinical courage’. The material was re-analysed to explore this question, using Wenger’s community of practice as a theoretical framework. Results: This study found that clinical courage was affected by the relationships rural doctors had with their communities and patients, with each other, with the local members of their healthcare team and with other colleagues and health leaders outside their immediate community of practice. Conclusion: As a collective, rural doctors can learn, use and strengthen clinical courage and support its development in new members of the discipline. Relationships with rural communities, rural patients and urban colleagues can support the clinical courage of rural doctors. When detractors challenge the value of clinical courage, it requires individual rural doctors and their community of practice to champion rural doctors’ way of working

Press in System of Bolshevik Propaganda during the Civil War in the North-West of Russia in 1919

The issues related to determining the place of the regional Bolshevik press in the system of propaganda activities of the Bolsheviks during the Civil War in the North-West of Russia in 1919 are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the significant role of the media in the regulation of socio-political processes both in modern Russia and in its historical past. The novelty of the study is in the consideration of the Bolshevik periodicals as a purposefully used by the "red" tool in achieving victory in the military-political confrontation with the White Guards. A comparative analysis of the materials of Bolshevik publications published in 1919 in the North-West of Russia was carried out. It is concluded that the press occupied an important place in the Bolshevik propaganda system in the northwestern region. It was established that its keynote was the formation of a negative image of the enemy in contrast with the Bolsheviks and the Red Army. It is proved that in the local Bolshevik press the image of "Soviet power" as the only fair and the Red Army as a powerful and invincible force was consistently created. It is shown that the positions and slogans put forward in the Bolshevik press were called upon to provide massive support for the revolutionary forces in the region and the mobilization of forces to repulse the enemy

Application of Composite Gyromagnetic Materials for Absorbing Radiation Produced by Microwave Oven

Composite gyromagnetic radioabsorbing material (RAM) on the basis of polycrystalline hexagonal ferrites is elaborated for the suppression of unwanted radiation produced by microwave ovens (MWO). Results of laboratory investigation of this material application in the MWO having a magnetron source of microwave radiation are represented

Photoinduced Electron Spin Resonance Phenomenon in α

The photoinduced phenomenon in α-Cr2O3 nanoscaled spherical particles was investigated in the temperature range of 150 up to 315 K. An X-band electron-spin resonance spectrometry was employed to probe the magnetic behavior in α-Cr2O3 under an IR illumination in the nanosecond regime. The photoinduced effect on both low and high field ESR signals appears above 280 K and is remarkably enhanced just below Néel temperature TN. Such a photoinduced ESR phenomenon disappears in a reproducible way in the paramagnetic insulating state which occurs above TN of crystalline α-Cr2O3. In the antiferromagnetic phase, that is, below TN, the shift of the low field absorption could be attributed to the interaction of the light with specific Cr3+ ions located in strongly distorted sites correlated to strong ligand-field effect

Women Workers of St. Petersburg in the Late 19th — early 20th Centuries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions of labor activity, as well as the peculiarities of family life and everyday life of women employed at the enterprises of the factory industry of St. Petersburg in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. At the present stage of development of Russia, there is still a high proportion of female labor in industry, which determines the relevance of the problem under study in order to take into account the historical experience in regulating the complex sphere of labor relations. The question of the main factors in the formation of the female labor force in St. Petersburg during the post-reform period is raised in the article. The industries in which female labor was most widely represented are identified. Issues related to the peculiarities of the professional activity of female workers (working conditions, level of wages, problems of social protection, etc.) are discussed in detail. The circumstances of private, personal life are analyzed, the influence of material factors in the life of workers on the family life is revealed. It is concluded that the contradictions between the new status of a woman, who is able to independently determine her own fate, and the preservation of her unequal position in society, led to the wide participation of women workers in the political life of St. Petersburg during the First World War and the 1917 revolution

Multifrequency EPR study of charge transport in doped polyaniline

Polyaniline highly doped with acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic (PANI-AMPSA) and camphorsulfonic (PANI-CSA) acids have been studied at X- (9.50 GHz) and K- (37.5 GHz) bands EPR. Localized Curie-like and mobile Pauli-like spin charge carriers are stabilized in amorphous and crystalline regions of the samples. AC conductivity contributed from these paramagnetic centers was determined. It was shown that, in contrast with PANI-AMPSA, PANI-CSA with higher both d.c. and a.c. conductivity is a more ordered metal with more rigid and planar polymer chains

K-band ESR studies of structural anisotropy in P3HT and P3HT/PCBM blend polymer solid films: Paramagnetic defects after continuous wave Xe-lamp photolysis

K-band electron spin resonance (ESR) technique was employed to study films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and P3HT/PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl- C61-butyric acid methyl ester) blends to estimate their structural macroscopic anisotropy. As for nematic liquids (or liquid crystals) our consideration was based on the approach that the free energy of self-organised polymer molecules of P3HT is a function of molecular orientation and therefore chains in polymer films exhibit some degree of orientational order. The lamellar molecular orientation of the films was confirmed by angular-dependent ESR spectroscopy of polarons, which were considered as a localised paramagnetic centre with an unpaired carbon π-electron of the thiophene ring. The additional ESR signal initiated by the UV/visible CW Xe-lamp illumination of the films at air atmosphere was attributed to the negative polaron (trapped photo-electron) on the polymer chain, as well as to the radical due to chain degradation. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Nursing students achieving community health competencies through undergraduate clinical experiences: a gap analysis

Sherpa Romeo yellow journal. Permission to archive final published versionIn Canada, it is widely believed that nursing practice and health care will move from acute care into the community. At the same time, increasing numbers of nursing students are engaged in non-traditional clinical experiences for their community health rotation. These clinical experiences occur at agencies not organizationally affiliated with the health care system and typically do not employ registered nurses (RNs). What has yet to be established is the degree to which nursing students are actually being prepared for community health nursing roles through their community health clinical rotations. In this paper we report the findings of a mixed method study that explored the gap between desired and observed levels of competence in community health of senior nursing students and new graduates. The gap was quantified and then the nature of the gap further explored through focus groups.Ye

Degradation processes in the cellulose/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide system studied by HPLC and ESR. Radical formation/recombination kinetics under UV photolysis at 77 K

Degradation processes of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO), cellulose and cellulose/NMMO solutions were studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Kinetics of radical accumulation processes under UV (λ = 248 nm) excimer laser flash photolysis was investigated by ESR at 77 K. Beside radical products of cellulose generated and stabilized at low temperature, radicals in NMMO and cellulose/NMMO solutions were studied for the first time in those systems and attributed to nitroxide type radicals ∼CH2- NO•∼-CH2∼ and/or ∼CH2 NO•-CH3∼ at the first and methyl •CH3 and formyl -CHO radicals at the second step of the photo-induced reaction. Kinetic study of radicals revealed that formation and recombination rates of radical reaction depend on cellulose concentration in cellulose/NMMO solutions and additional ingredients, e.g., Fe(II) and propyl gallate. HPLC measurements showed that the concentrations of ring degradation products, e.g., aminoethanol and acetaldehyde, are determined by the composition of the cellulose/NMMO solution. Results based on HPLC are mainly maintained by ESR that supports the assumption concerning a radical initiated ring-opening of NMMO. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007