30 research outputs found
Bedeutung der Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinase c-Kit in der Pathogenese der, Philadelphiatranslokation Bcr-Abl positiven, chronischen myeloischen Leukämie
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die durchgeführten Experimente zur Charakterisierung der molekularen Assoziation der Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinase c-Kit mit dem Onkoprotein Bcr-Abl. Es wird in der zeitlichen Abfolge der chronisch myeloischen Leukämie (CML) besonders für die chronische Phase eine Beteiligung des Stammzellfaktors (SCF), dem natürlichen Liganden von c-Kit, an der Proliferation des malignen Zellklons vermutet. Ob hierbei eine Stimulierung durch SCF wesentlich ist, oder ob der Rezeptor von intrazellulärer Seite durch Bcr-Abl stimuliert wird ist eine wichtige Frage für das Verständnis der Progression der CML. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden Expressionssysteme in Säugetierzellen und Insektenzellen optimiert, um eine hohe Produktion von c-Kit zu gewährleisten. Es wurde eine Koexpression von c-Kit und Bcr-Abl hergestellt um gute Bedingungen in den nachfolgenden Immunpräzipitationen (IP) zu schaffen. In diesen Studien konnte eine Kopräzipitation von c-Kit und Bcr-Abl erstmals nachgewiesen werden. Die Bindungspartner waren jeweils im Western-Blot der IP nachweisbar, sowohl nach Präzipitation von Bcr-Abl, als auch von c-Kit. Im Western-Blots konnte der Status der Tyrosinphosphorylierung von c-Kit detektiert werden. Eindeutige Hinweise auf die Aktivierung von c-Kit durch Bcr-Abl konnten durch diese Experimente zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen werden. Punktmutationen an funktionell relevanten Positionen in Bcr-Abl änderten nichts an der gezeigten Interaktion, bis auf eine Kinase-inaktive Mutante, die keine Phosphorylierung von c-Kit mehr bewirkte. Um eine Bindungsstelle in c-Kit zu charakterisieren, wurden dann Trunkationsmutanten von c-Kit hergestellt. Dabei wurde der extrazelluläre Rezeptoranteil entfernt und immer kürzere Mutanten, durch Entfernung einzelner struktureller Domänen von N-terminal, hergestellt. Diese wurden in IPs mit Bcr-Abl eingesetzt. Es konnte für sämtliche Mutanten eine Kopräzipitation gezeigt werden, so dass eine Assoziationsstelle von c-Kit nicht klar ermittelt werden konnte
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Incremental Model Construction: Eye-movements reflect mental representations and operations – even if there is nothing to look at.
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Incremental Model Construction: Eye-movements reflect mental representations and operations – even if there is nothing to look at.
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Establishing Long-Term Efficacy in Chronic Disease: Use of Recursive Partitioning and Propensity Score Adjustment to Estimate Outcome in MS
Context: Establishing the long-term benefit of therapy in chronic diseases has been challenging. Long-term studies require non-randomized designs and, thus, are often confounded by biases. For example, although disease-modifying therapy in MS has a convincing benefit on several short-term outcome-measures in randomized trials, its impact on long-term function remains uncertain.ObjectivE: Data from the 16-year Long-Term Follow-up study of interferon-beta-1b is used to assess the relationship between drug-exposure and long-term disability in MS patients.Design/Setting: To mitigate the bias of outcome-dependent exposure variation in non-randomized long-term studies, drug-exposure was measured as the medication-possession-ratio, adjusted up or down according to multiple different weighting-schemes based on MS severity and MS duration at treatment initiation. A recursive-partitioning algorithm assessed whether exposure (using any weighing scheme) affected long-term outcome. The optimal cut-point that was used to define “high” or “low” exposure-groups was chosen by the algorithm. Subsequent to verification of an exposure-impact that included all predictor variables, the two groups were compared using a weighted propensity-stratified analysis in order to mitigate any treatment-selection bias that may have been present. Finally, multiple sensitivity-analyses were undertaken using different definitions of long-term outcome and different assumptions about the data.Main Outcome Measure: Long-Term Disability.Results: In these analyses, the same weighting-scheme was consistently selected by the recursive-partitioning algorithm. This scheme reduced (down-weighted) the effectiveness of drug exposure as either disease duration or disability at treatment-onset increased. Applying this scheme and using propensity-stratification to further mitigate bias, high-exposure had a consistently better clinical outcome compared to low-exposure (Cox proportional hazard ratio = 0.30–0.42; pConclusions: Early initiation and sustained use of interferon-beta-1b has a beneficial impact on long-term outcome in MS. Our analysis strategy provides a methodological framework for bias-mitigation in the analysis of non-randomized clinical data.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00206635</p
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Interplay between regulatory T cells and PD-1 in modulating T cell exhaustion and viral control during chronic LCMV infection
Regulatory T (T reg) cells are critical for preventing autoimmunity mediated by self-reactive T cells, but their role in modulating immune responses during chronic viral infection is not well defined. To address this question and to investigate a role for T reg cells in exhaustion of virus-specific CD8 T cells, we depleted T reg cells in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). T reg cell ablation resulted in 10–100-fold expansion of functional LCMV-specific CD8 T cells. Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells was dependent on cognate antigen, B7 costimulation, and conventional CD4 T cells. Despite the striking recovery of LCMV-specific CD8 T cell responses, T reg cell depletion failed to diminish viral load. Interestingly, T reg cell ablation triggered up-regulation of the molecule programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which upon binding PD-1 on T cells delivers inhibitory signals. Increased PD-L1 expression was observed especially on LCMV-infected cells, and combining T reg cell depletion with PD-L1 blockade resulted in a significant reduction in viral titers, which was more pronounced than that upon PD-L1 blockade alone. These results suggest that T reg cells effectively maintain CD8 T cell exhaustion, but blockade of the PD-1 inhibitory pathway is critical for elimination of infected cells