Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on wound healing using animal models - a review

The present review summarizes results of experiments, mostly performed on rodents, regarding the effects of fish oil (FO) and its biologically active constituents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the healing of cutaneous wounds, but also of selected other types of injury. Structure, metabolism and functions of EPA/DHA in an organism are briefly mentioned, with an emphasis on the ability of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate inflammation. Wound healing as a complex programmed sequence of cellular and molecular processes including inflammation, cell migration, angiogenesis, synthesis of provisional matrix, collagen deposition and reepithelialisation is briefly described. Markers for evaluation of the healing process include planimetry indices, tensile strength, quantification of collagen synthesis including hydroxyproline determination, histopathology/immunohistochemistry and genomic/proteomic markers. As far as effects on wound healing are concerned, the main emphasis is put on the outcomes of experiments using a dietary FO/DHA/EPA administration, but the results of experiments with a parenteral application are also mentioned, together with selected relevant in vitro studies. An important conclusion from the above-mentioned studies is an inconsistency of FO/DHA/EPA effects on wound healing: decreased/increased collagen deposition; lower/higher counts of the inflammatory cells in the healing tissue; increased/decreased concentration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; DHA accelerated/delayed wound healing process. Some experiments indicate superiority of DHA over EPA regarding wound healing.O

Evaluation of the effect of breed and line on slaughter value and quality of lamb meat

The aim of our experiment was to evaluate to what degree carcass value and quality of lamb meat are effected by selected breeds (Zwartbles, Suffolk, Romney Marsh) and lines (Zbyšek, Ztepl, Záblesk, Ewebank Armani, President, Romeo, Avatar). Suffolk breed rams were found to have (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.05) the lowest weight at slaughter (37.47 +- 4.10 kg) and also carcass weight (15.23 +- 1.78 kg). Romney Marsh's carcasses had a significantly higher degree of fat cover (3.6 +- 0.4), kidney fat ratio was 0.78 +- 0.17 % and the percentage of fat from the right leg was 2.50 +- 0.61 %. The conclusively (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.01) highest ratio of the right leg was recorded in the Suffolk breed (17.00 +- 0.79 %). The highest ratio of the leg of carcass among the lines was found in the President line (17.53 +- 0.66 %). Meat of the Suffolk line had the significantly (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.01) highest ratio of dry matter, intramuscular fat, protein and ash. Among the lines, this trend was similar in favor of the Suffolk's line. The Zwartbles breed had the lowest (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.01) ratio of fat and dry matter in the meat. The value of pH, lightness (L* = 51.55 +- 1.66) and color spectrum b* (13.12 +- 0.46) of meat was conclusively (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.01) the highest in the Zwartbles breed, while the redness indicator (7.56 +- 1.45) was conclusively the lowest for this breed. Statistically (p LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.01), the meat of the Suffolk breed had the most potent red color (a* = 11.87 +- 1.24) and the highest water-holding capacity (81.57 +- 1.87).O

Effect of the breed on selected physical and chemical quality characteristics of lamb meat

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the breed on selected physical and chemical quality characteristics of lamb meat. An integral part of the study was an assessment of growth and basic carcass traits. Three breeds (Zwartbles (ZW), Suffolk (SF) and Oxford Down (OD) of lambs were used in the experiment, which were slaughtered at the preferred liveweight (around 38 kg). The experiment was carried out at an organic sheep farm in the northern Moravia region of the Czech Republic. The genotype had a significant effect on weights of kidney and kidney fat. The genotype had also significant effect on both conformation score (CS) and fatness score (FS). With regard to physical and chemical quality characteristics of lamb meat, the genotype had a significant effect on contents of dry matter (DM), ash, collagen, myoglobin and intramuscular fat (IMF). On the other had the genotype hand no significant effect on pH24, water-holding capacity, lightness index (LI), redness index (RI) and yellowness index (YI). The genotype also had no significant effect on average daily gain (ADG) and dressing percentage (DP). In general, it can be stated that the highest ADG (170 g) and the best CS (3.8) and FS (2.2) were found in SF. However in ZW, which is dual-purpose breed compared to SF and OD, relatively high DP (49.2 %), low FS (2.2), relatively high contents of ash (1.12 %) and protein (19.00 %) and low content of IMF (1.74 %) were found. In these lambs were also found comparable values of LI, RI and YI with other meat breeds

The effect of feeding modified soyabean oil enriched with C18 : 4 n-3 to broilers on the deposition of n-3 fatty acids in chicken meat

Supplementing broiler diets with conventional vegetable oils has little effect on the long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA) content of the meat. The present study investigated the effect on fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of chicken meat when broilers were fed oil extracted from soyabeans (SDASOY) that had been genetically engineered to produce C18 : 4n-3 (stearidonic acid (SDA), 240 mg/g oil). Three diets were fed to 120 birds (eight replicate pens of five birds) from 15 d to slaughter (41–50 d). Diets were identical apart from the oil added to them (45 and 50 g/kg as fed in the grower and finisher phases, respectively), which was either SDASOY, near-isogenic soya (CON) or fish oil (FISH). The LC n-3 PUFA content of the meat increased in the order CON, SDASOY and FISH. In breast meat with skin, the SDA concentration was 522, 13 and 37 (sem 14·4) mg/100 g meat for SDASOY, CON and FISH, respectively. Equivalent values for C20 : 5n-3 (EPA) were 53, 13 and 140 (sem 8·4); for C22 : 5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) 65, 15 and 101 (sem 3·5); for C22 : 6n-3 (DHA) 19, 9 and 181 (sem 4·4). Leg meat (with skin) values for SDA were 861, 23 and 68 (sem 30·1); for EPA 87, 9 and 258 (sem 7·5); for DPA 95, 20 and 165 (sem 5·0); for DHA 29, 10 and 278 (sem 8·4). Aroma, taste and aftertaste of freshly cooked breast meat were not affected. Fishy aromas, tastes and aftertastes were associated with LC n-3 PUFA content of the meat, being most noticeable in the FISH leg meat (both freshly cooked and reheated) and in the reheated SDASOY leg meat

Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Entrapped Fish Oil or Mupirocin on Skin Wound Healing Using a Porcine Model

The utilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) loaded in collagen-based scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing using a porcine model is unique for the present study. Full-depth cutaneous excisions (5 x 5 cm) on the pig dorsa were treated with pure collagen scaffold (control, C), empty PLGA NPs (NP), FO, mupirocin (MUP), PLGA NPs with entrapped FO (NP/FO) and PLGA NPs with entrapped MUP (NP/MUP). The following markers were evaluated on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-excision: collagen, hydroxyproline (HP), angiogenesis and expressions of the COX2, EGF, COL1A1, COL1A3, TGFB1, VEGFA, CCL5 and CCR5 genes. The hypothesis that NP/FO treatment is superior to FO alone and that it is comparable to NP/MUP was tested. NP/FO treatment increased HP in comparison with both FO alone and NP/MUP (day 14) but decreased (p < 0.05) angiogenesis in comparison with FO alone (day 3). NP/FO increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the CCR5 gene (day 3) and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the expressions of the EGF (day 7, day 14), TGFB1 (day 21) and CCL5 (day 7, day 21) genes as compared with NP/MUP. NP/FO can be suggested as a suitable alternative to NP/MUP in cutaneous wound treatment.O