Posteriori estimation of teaching and learning process

У статті розглядується питання застосування технології апостеріорного оцінювання навчально-пізнавальної діяльності студентів. Результати апостеріорного оцінювання надають важливу інформацію про ефективність викладання викладачеві та навчальному закладу.В статье рассматривается вопрос использования технологии апостериорного оценивания учебно-познавательной деятельности студентов. Результаты апостериорного оценивания предоставляют важную информацию об эффективности преподавания преподавателю и учебному заведению.The question about the development and application of technology posterior estimation of teaching and educational activity of the students, is considered at the article. Posteriori estimation results provide important information about the performance of teaching and teacher education institutions

MCR XVII. Three Types of MCRs and the Libraries – Their Chemistry of Natural Events and Preparative Chemistry

The one-pot Multicomponent Reactions (MCRs)1 convert more than two different components into their products with at least two new chemical bonds, and the products contain all educts or at least some parts of them. Many chemical reactions have several, but not all, aspects of the MCRs. Three different basic types (I–III) and two subclasses (A and B) of MCRs can take place. Chemistry had started in the nature of our world roughly 4.6 billion years ago, including MCRs of the types I and II, forming libraries of many different products. A little later, the living cells came into existence, and their biochemical MCRs of all three types started. In their various local parts their biochemical products are selectively formed by their enzyme-assisted procedures, but many of their MCRs belong to type III. The preparative chemistry of MCRs started in the middle of the last century, when the first equilibrating but isolateable 3CR products of type IB were formed. The pre-final reactions of type I form compounds, which react further and form their final products irreversibly by MCRs of type II. The type IIA products are usually heterocycles, whereas those of type IIB are generally products of isocyanides. The U-4CR of type IIB was introduced and this led to a new preparative MCR chemistry. Their educts and intermediate products equilibrate (type IA) and undergo irreversible CII → CIV &alpha,-additions of the isocyanides, followed by a variety of rearrangements into their final products (type IIB). In recent years, unions of higher numbers of components were introduced, forming even more diverse types of products. The MCR libraries were proposed in 1961, and since 1995 this chemistry has become an essential part of the chemical research in industrial search for new desirable products. This methodology requires much less work than all previous methods and proceeds many orders of magnitude faster