Supervision response differential by cadre of supervisors among agricultural postgraduate students in southwestern Nigeria

The study investigated supervision response differential by cadre of supervisors among agricultural postgraduate students in southwestern Nigeria. Using structured questionnaire, data was collected from 120 agricultural graduate students across federal universities in southwestern Nigeria through a multi stage sampling procedure. Data was collected on respondents’ personal characteristics, extent of satisfaction with supervision, quality of supervision exposed to, constraints faced in the course of supervision and behavioural response to supervision. Data collected were summarized using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and means while independent sample t-test was used to test the hypotheses. Mean age of respondents was 32.5+ 6.99years. Half or more of the respondents’ (61.7%) were male, Christians (79.2%), single (50.0%), graduated with second class upper division in their first degrees (59.2%) and were supervised by professors (45.8%). More than half (56.7%) of the respondents indicated high level of satisfaction with their supervision. Students supervised by lecturer cadre supervisors however indicated better extent of satisfaction (66.7%) than others supervised by professors (55.4%) and senior lecturers (54.1%). Quality of supervision received was high among only 56.7% of the respondents. Also, more respondents supervised by supervisors of lecturer cadre (61.1%) indicated high quality of supervision received than supervisees of professors (56.9%) and senior lecturers (54.1%). Furthermore, behavioural change was high among a fair proportion (58.3%) of the respondents. While behavioural change was high among most supervisees of professors (64.6%) and senior lecturers (56.8%), it was however, low among majority (61.1%) of supervisees of lecturer cadre supervisors. Most severe of the constraints faced by supervisees include autocratic supervisors (x̄ =1.55), imposition of research topic (x̄ =1.53) and poor contact with supervisors (x̄ =1.43). Immoral demands from supervisors ranked least among the constraints faced (x̄ =1.09). There was no significant difference in behavioural change observed between students supervised by different cadre of supervisors (F= 1.542 p≤0.05). Thus, while lower cadre supervisors were more responsive to supervisory responsibilities, the higher cadre supervisors impacted more, though marginal behavioural change impart on their supervisees.Keywords: Supervision response, postgraduate students, supervisor, quality of supervision, supervision constraint

Regional anesthesia for small incision cataract surgery: Comparison of subtenon and peribulbar block

Background and Objective: The recent trend in cataract surgery is the use of regional ophthalmic nerve blocks or topical anesthesia. We determined and compared the effect of peribulbar and subtenon block on pain and patients' satisfaction, following small incision cataract surgery (SICS). Methods: This was age-sex-matched comparative study involving 462 ASA I-III patients, aged 18 years and above scheduled for SICS. They were assigned to receive either peribulbar block (Group P) or subtenon (Group ST). The pain score and patients' satisfaction with the anesthetic experiences were recorded by a study-masked anesthesiologist during surgery and postoperatively at 30 min and 1, 2, 4, and 24 h. Results: The median numeric rating score was significantly lower in the subtenon group than the peribulbar group: During surgery, Group ST 1 (1) versus group P 1.5 (2.25), P < 0.001. At 30 min after surgery, Group ST 0 (1) versus Group P 1 (2.5) versus P < 0.001, and at 1 h after surgery, Group ST 0 (1) versus group P 1 (2), P = 0.002. Ten patients had akinesia in the peribulbar group compared with one in the subtenon group. Chemosis was significantly higher in the subtenon group 10 (3.2%) than in the peribulbar group 0 (0%), P = 0.035. Similarly, a significant difference was not with subconjuctival hemorrhage; subtenon 14 (4.5%) versus peribulbar 2 (1.3%), P = 0.105. Conclusion: The use of subtenon block resulted in lower pain scores and higher patient's satisfaction than peribulbar block. However, subconjuctival hemorrhage and chemosis were more common with subtenon block