Differentiation of glaucomatous optic discs with different appearances using optic disc topography parameters: The Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study

<div><p>The Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study (GSAS) is a multicenter collaborative study of the characteristics of glaucomatous optic disc morphology using a stereo fundus camera. Using GSAS dataset, the formulas for predicting different glaucomatous optic disc appearances were established. The GSAS dataset containing three-dimensionally-analyzed optic disc topographic parameters from 187 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma was assessed with discrimination analyses to obtain formulas predictive of glaucomatous optic disc appearances: focal ischemic (FI); generalized enlargement (GE), myopic glaucomatous (MY), and senile sclerotic (SS). Using 38 optic disc parameters-substituted discrimination analyses with a stepwise forward-selection method, six parameters (temporal and nasal rim-disc ratios, mean cup depth, height variation contour, disc tilt angle, and rim decentering absolute) were selected into the formulas. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting the four disc types with established formulas were 0.88, 0.91, 0.93, and 0.86 for FI, MY, SS, and GE, respectively. Age, visual acuity, refractive error, glaucoma (normal or high-tension glaucoma), and baseline intraocular pressure differed significantly among the four optic disc types, suggesting the appearances represent different clinical glaucoma phenotypes. Using six optic disc topographic parameters obtained by stereo fundus camera, the GSAS classification formulas predicted and quantified each component of different optic disc appearances in each eye and provided a novel parameter to describe glaucomatous optic disc characteristics.</p></div

Comparisons of various demographic parameters among four optic disc types predicted by the Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study classification.

<p>Comparisons of various demographic parameters among four optic disc types predicted by the Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study classification.</p

Patient demographic data (n = 187) and summary of six optic disc parameters.

<p>Patient demographic data (n = 187) and summary of six optic disc parameters.</p

The receiver operating characteristic curves that are used to predict optic disc appearances by the discriminant formulas.

<p>pFI, predicted focal ischemic; pGE, predicted generalized enlargement; pMY, predicted myopic glaucomatous; pSS, predicted senile sclerotic; and AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves.</p

Comparisons of six optic disc parameters among four optic disc types predicted by the Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study classification.

<p>Comparisons of six optic disc parameters among four optic disc types predicted by the Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study classification.</p

Stability of Ionic Liquids against Sodium Metal: A Comparative Study of 1‑Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with Bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide and Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide

The stability of [C₂C₁im]­[FSA] (C₂C₁im⁺: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium; FSA^–: bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­amide) and [C₂C₁im]­[TFSA] (TFSA^–: bis­(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)­amide) ionic liquids against Na metal has been investigated in view of their application as electrolytes for Na secondary batteries. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that Na metal electrodeposition/dissolution reactions occur in Na­[FSA]–[C₂C₁im]­[FSA], whereas these processes do not occur in Na­[TFSA]–[C₂C₁im]­[TFSA]. Both visual and spectroscopic changes were observed for Na­[TFSA]–[C₂C₁im]­[TFSA] after immersion of Na metal for 4 weeks, but no changes were observed for Na­[FSA]–[C₂C₁im]­[FSA]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that there were differences in the thickness of the surface films on Na metal immersed in these ionic liquids. The presence of Na⁺ also affects the thickness of the surface film, and the nature of the surface films determines the difference in the stability of Na metal in these two ionic liquids

The canonical plot that are used to discriminate various optic disc appearances by the discriminant formulas.

<p>The biplot axes are the first two canonical variables that provide maximal separation among the groups. A plus (+) marker corresponds to the multivariate mean of each group. A circle around the plus marker corresponds to a 95% confidence ellipse for each mean. If two groups differ significantly, the confidence ellipses tend to not intersect. The labeled rays show the directions of the covariates in the canonical space. pFI, predicted focal ischemic; pGE, predicted generalized enlargement; pMY, predicted myopic glaucomatous; and pSS, predicted senile sclerotic.</p

Distributions of single, mixed, and unclassifiable types of optic disc appearances among subjects.

<p>Distributions of single, mixed, and unclassifiable types of optic disc appearances among subjects.</p

The representative optic discs have various mixing rates.

<p>The color fundus photographs (<b>A, B, C</b>), image analysis results (<b>D, E</b>, <b>F</b>), and depth maps in the horizontal meridian (<b>G, H, I</b>) from cases 1 (<b>A, D, G</b>), 2 (<b>B, E, H</b>), and 3 (<b>C, F, H</b>) are shown. Based on the discrimination formulas, cases 1, 2, and 3 are predicted to have 62% probability of GE elements, 48% and 35% probabilities of MY and FI elements, respectively, and 31%, 20%, 28%, and 21% probabilities of FI, GE, MY, and SS elements, respectively. Based on the definitions described in the Methods, cases 1, 2, and 3 are classified as having single, mixed, and unclassifiable types of optic discs, respectively.</p

Multicenter, Randomized, Investigator-Masked Study Comparing Brimonidine Tartrate 0.1% and Timolol Maleate 0.5% as Adjunctive Therapies to Prostaglandin Analogues in Normal-Tension Glaucoma

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