No association between glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and long-term respiratory outcome after very preterm birth

Developmen

Gender differences in respiratory symptoms in 19-year-old adults born preterm

Objective: To study the prevalence of respiratory and atopic symptoms in (young) adults born prematurely, differences between those who did and did not develop Bronchopulmonary Disease (BPD) at neonatal age and differences in respiratory health between males and females. Methods: Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Nation wide follow-up study, the Netherlands. Participants: 690 adults (19 year old) born with a gestational age below 32 completed weeks and/or with a birth weight less than 1500g. Controls were Dutch participants of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Main outcome measures: Presence of wheeze, shortness of breath, asthma, hay fever and eczema using the ECRHS-questionnaire

Vroeggeboorte, intra-uteriene groeiachterstand en lichamelijke ziehten op de volwassen leeftijd; resultaten van 19 jaar POPS-follow-up

Infants born very prematurely are at greater risk of neurosensory handicaps and developmental problems than are term born children. Premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and the combination of both, may also be risk factors for physical disease in adulthood. As this aspect has been little studied so far, we looked into its first signs in the pops-cohort (Project On Preterm and Small for gestational age infants). Prematurity seems to be a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. The risk is extra high for individuals showing disposition to obesity at later age. Having experienced intrauterine growth retardation even increases the risk. Former premature infants on average show higher mean systolic blood pressure, yet unrelated to degree of intrauterine growth retardation. Renal function (clearance and protein excretion) in young adulthood is less favorable for prematurely born individuals who also experienced intrauterine growth retardation. Prematurely born children show more airway symptoms and poorer lung function in young adulthood. We conclude that neonatal follow up is not only indicated for very premature infants but also for children who experienced severe intrauterine or neonatal growth retardation. Pediatricians ought to inform parents and children as well as the family doctor that prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation may be risk factors for chronic disease at adult age. Active prevention of obesity from an early age onwards is indicated for prematurely born children who experienced intrauterine growth retardation. Family doctors should be extra alert to the development of particularly hypertension and microalbuminuria when these children reach young adult age; a regular check-up for example every two years is recommended. Awareness of their medical history may stimulate the children themselves to prevent obesity, take up sports, and never start smoking

Gender differences in respiratory symptoms in 19-year-old adults born preterm

Objective: To study the prevalence of respiratory and atopic symptoms in (young) adults born prematurely, differences between those who did and did not develop Bronchopulmonary Disease (BPD) at neonatal age and differences in respiratory health between males and females. Methods: Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Nation wide follow-up study, the Netherlands. Participants: 690 adults (19 year old) born with a gestational age below 32 completed weeks and/or with a birth weight less than 1500g. Controls were Dutch participants of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Main outcome measures: Presence of wheeze, shortness of breath, asthma, hay fever and eczema using the ECRHS-questionnaire Results: The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was significantly higher in the ex-preterms than in the general population, whereas eczema and hay fever were significant lower. Women reported more symptoms than men. Preterm women vs controls: asthma 13% vs 5% (p<0.001); hay fever 8% vs 20% (p<0.001); eczema 10% vs 42% (p<0.001). Preterm men vs controls: asthma 9% vs 4% (p=0.007); hay fever 8% vs 17% (p=0.005); eczema 9% vs 31% (p<0.001) Preterm women reported more wheeze and shortness of breath during exercise (sob) than controls: wheeze 30% vs 22% (p=0.009); sob 27% vs 16% (p<0.001); 19-year-old women with BPD reported a higher prevalence of doctor diagnosed asthma compared to controls (24% vs 5% p <0.001) and shortness of breath during exercise (43% vs 16% p=0.008). The prevalence of reported symptoms by men with BPD were comparable with the controls. Conclusions: Our large follow-up study shows a higher prevalence of asthma, wheeze and shortness of breath in the prematurely born young adults. 19-year-old women reported more respiratory symptoms than men. Compared to the general population atopic diseases as hay fever and eczema were reported less often. © 2005 Vrijlandt et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd

No association between transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity and neurodevelopmental outcome in young adulthood

Context: Transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THoP) has been associated with neurodevelopmental impairment in infancy and childhood. It is not known whether these relations persist into adulthood. Objective: The objective was to examine whether there is an effect of THoP on intelligence quotient (IQ) score and motor functioning at a young adult age. Design: This study was part of the 19-year follow-up of the Project On Preterm and Small-forgestational-age birth (POPS) cohort, which included infants born very preterm (ie,32 wk) and/or with a very low birth weight (ie, 1500 g). Setting: This was a multicenter study. Patients: There were 398 19-year-old participants of the POPS cohort, of whom 120 had THoP. Exposure: T4 concentrations were obtained through the national neonatal screening program for congenital hypothyroidism.THoP was defined as a total T4 concentration< -3 SD of the daily mean (approximately 60 nmol/L). Main Outcome Measures: Main outcome measures were IQ and motor functioning, measured with the digital Multicultural Capacities Test-Intermediate Level and a revised version of Touwen’s examination of minor neurological dysfunction, respectively. Results: THoP was not associated with IQ score (mean difference, 0 [95% confidence interval,3.8 to 3.8] points) or motor function (mean difference, 0.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.5] points) after adjustment for demographic and perinatal characteristics. Conclusions: No associations between THoP and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 19 years were found

Vroeggeboorte, intra-uteriene groeiachterstand en lichamelijke ziehten op de volwassen leeftijd; resultaten van 19 jaar POPS-follow-up [Premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation and physical disease in adulthood: Results of 19 years POPS follow-up]

Veel te vroeg geboren kinderen lopen een groter risico op neurosensorische handicaps en ontwikkelingsproblemen dan op tijd geboren kinderen. Vroeggeboorte, intra-uteriene groeiachterstand, en de combinatie hiervan, zijn ook mogelijke risicofactoren voor lichamelijke ziekten op de volwassen leeftijd. Omdat hier tot nu toe weinig onderzoek naar is verricht, zijn in de pops-cohort (Project On Preterm and Small for gestational age infants) de eerste tekenen hiervan bekeken. Vroeggeboorte lijkt een risicofactor te zijn voor het ontwikkelen van insulineresistentie. Bij een latere neiging tot vetzucht is dat risico extra groot. Nog groter wordt dat als hieraan een intra-uteriene groeiachterstand voorafging. De systolische bloeddruk is gemiddeld hoger bij ex-prematuren maar is niet gerelateerd aan de mate van intra-uteriene groeiretardatie. De nierfunctie (klaring en eiwituitscheiding) is op de jongvolwassen leeftijd minder gunstig voor die individuen die naast de vroeggeboorte ook zijn blootgesteld aan intra-uteriene groeiretardatie. Te vroeg geboren kinderen hebben als jongvolwassenen meer luchtwegklachten en een minder goede longfunctie. De conclusie is dat neonatale follow-up niet alleen noodzakelijk is voor veel te vroeg geboren kinderen maar ook voor kinderen met een ernstige intra-uteriene groeiachterstand. De kinderarts moet in het contact met zowel ouders en kind als met de huisarts benoemen dat een voorgeschiedenis van vroeggeboorte of groeiachterstand ook een mogelijke risicofactor is voor chronische ziekten op de volwassen leeftijd. Bij te vroeg geboren kinderen met intra-uteriene groeiachterstand is actieve preventie van obesitas vanaf jonge leeftijd geïndiceerd. Vanaf jongvolwassen leeftijd zal de huisarts extra alert moeten zijn op het ontstaan van met name hypertensie en microalbuminurie door dit bijvoorbeeld tweejaarlijks te controleren. Voor het kind zelf kan de voorgeschiedenis een extra reden zijn om overgewicht te vermijden, om aan sport te doen en om niet te beginnen met roken

Long-Term Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Infants Born Very Preterm and/or with a Very Low Birth Weight

Clinical epidemiolog

Long-Term Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Infants Born Very Preterm and/or with a Very Low Birth Weight

Background: Birth weight (BW) is often used as a proxy for gestational age (GA) in studies on preterm birth. Recent findings indicate that, in addition to perinatal outcomes, subjects born very preterm (VP; GA <32 weeks) differ from those with a very low birth weight (VLBW; BW <1,500 g) in postnatal growth up to their final height. Objective: To study whether neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes at the age of 19 years differ in VP and/or VLBW subjects. Methods: 705 19-year-old subjects from the Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants (POPS) cohort were classified as (1) VP+/VLBW+ (n = 354), (2) VP+/VLBW-(n = 144), or (3) VP-/VLBW+ (n = 207), and compared with regard to IQ as assessed with the Multicultural Capacity Test-intermediate level; neuromotor function using Touwen's examination of mild neurologic dysfunction; hearing loss; self-and parent-reported behavioral and emotional functioning; educational achievement and occupation; and self-assessed health using the Health Utilities Index and the London Handicap Scale. Results: VP+/VLBW-infants, on average, had 3.8-point higher IQ scores (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57.1), a trend towards higher educational achievement, 3.3dB better hearing (95% CI 1.2-5.4), and less anxious behavior, attention problems, and internalizing behavior than to VP+/VLBW+ subjects. VP-/VLBW+ infants reported 1.8 increased odds (95% CI 1.2-2.6) of poor health compared to VP+/VLBW+ subjects. Conclusions: At the age of 19 years, subjects born VP+/VLBW+, VP+/VLBW-, and VP-/VLBW+ have different neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes, although effect sizes are small. Hence, the terms VP and VLBW are not interchangeable. We recommend, at least for industrialized countries, to base inclusion in future studies on preterm populations on GA instead of on BW. (c) 2018 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Base