G88-865 Fine Tuning a Sprayer wih the Ounce Calibration Method

This NebGuide discusses guidelines to quickly evaluate the performance of a sprayer. Sprayer calibration, nozzle discharge and speed checks are evaluated with minimal calculations. Tractor-mounted, pull-type, pick-up mounted and self-propelled pesticide application equipment are available from numerous sources. pesticide costs, potential crop damage, unsatisfactory control and environmental concerns make correct application important. Proper calibration to ensure accurate application must be a primary management consideration for both farmers and custom applicators. Application equipment users also should know proper application methods, chemical effects on equipment and correct cleaning and storage procedures of liquid sprayers

EC872 Crop Budgets: Nebraska 2011

This publication contains crop production budgets for 13 crops and 50 cropping systems, as well as tables of power, machinery, labor, and input costs used to develop these budgets. Each budget consists of five sections: • Heading • List of representative field operations • List of materials and services used • Operations and interest tabulations • Overhead costs including real estate taxes and opportunitycharges The budgets are presented in a worksheet format with a “Your Estimate’’ column for recording cost modifications. Budget Divisions The heading consists of the crop name, source, amount, and method of water application, operating systemdescription, yield goal, and yield estimate. The list of representative field operations is organized in a table with columns for the operation name, quantity or number of times used with units, labor, fuel and lube, power source, and implement costs for both repairs and ownership. “Times” or “Quantity” is typically in acres with a decimal denoting where an operation is done on a fraction of acres or where it represents the probability of an operation being done. Those operations that are done multiple times, for example swathing several cuttings of hay, show the number of times. Other units used are bushels (bu), hundredweight (cwt), tons, and acre inches (ai). If a unit is other than “acres,” it is specified in the “Unit” column. Labor costs for each operation were calculated from machinery accomplishment rates and adjusted for additional time required for getting machinery ready, adjusting machinery, and handling fertilizer and other supplies. The estimated costs for completing these operations are multiplied by the number in the “Times” or “Quantity” column, the product of which is multiplied by the hourly wage ($12 per hour) and labor factor. Fuel costs also use machinery accomplishment rates as well as estimated fuel consumption rates to determine fuel use. This is multiplied by a lube factor and the price of energy which is$3.00 per gallon for diesel and $0.088 per kwh for electricity. Repairs and depreciation costs were estimated using functions and factors from the AgriculturalEngineer’s Yearbook which is published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. It requires making assumptions about the size and age of the equipment. It was assumed that machinery chosen was fully utilized

EC13-872 Nebraska 2013 Crop Budgets

This publication contains crop production budgets for 13 crops and 51 cropping systems, as well as tables of power, machinery, labor, and input costs used to develop these budgets. Each budget consists of five sections: Heading List of representative field operations List of materials and services used Operations and interest tabulations Overhead costs including real estate taxes and opportunity­ charges The budgets are presented in a worksheet format with a “Your Estimate’’ column for recording cost modifications

EC872 Crop Budgets: Nebraska - 2014

This publication contains 66 crop production budgets for 13 crops, as well as tables of power, machinery, labor, and input costs used to develop these budgets. Each budget consists of five sections: • Heading • List of representative field operations • List of materials and services used • Operations and interest tabulations • Overhead costs including real estate taxes and opportunitycharges The budgets are presented in a worksheet format with a “Your Estimate” column for recording cost modifications. Budget Divisions The heading consists of the crop name, system description, and method of water application. The list of representative field operations is organized in a table with columns for the operation name, quantity or number of times used with units, labor, fuel and lube, power source, and implement costs for both repairs and ownership. “Times” or “Quantity” is typically in acres with a decimal denoting where an operation is done on a fraction of acres or where it represents the probability of an operation being done. Those operations that are done multiple times, for example swathing several cuttings of hay, show the number of times. If a unit is other than “acres,” it is specified in the “Unit” column. Other units used are bushels (bu), hundredweight (cwt), tons, and acre-inches (ai). Labor costs for each operation were calculated from machinery accomplishment rates and adjusted for additional time required for getting machinery ready, adjusting machinery, and handling fertilizer and other supplies. The estimated costs for completing these operations are multiplied by the number in the “Times” or “Quantity” column, the product of which is multiplied by the hourly wage ($20 per hour) and labor factor. Fuel costs also use machinery accomplishment rates as well as estimated fuel consumption rates to determine fuel use. This is multiplied by a lube factor and the price of energy which is$3.50 per gallon for diesel and $0.10 per kwh for electricity. Repairs and depreciation costs were estimated using functions and factors from the AgriculturalEngineer’s Yearbook which is published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. It requires making assumptions about the size and age of the equipment. It was assumed that machinery chosen was fully utilized. Data used to calculate power unit costs are in Table 1 and machinery operation costs are in Table 2. Irrigation costs were calculated using engineering performance standards and typical water application rates which will depend on the rainfall area. Power costs for irrigation refer to the pump and power unit; implement costs are for the delivery system (pipe or pivot). Depreciation and interest for the well are budgeted with land costs. Materials and services are calculated by multiplying the application rate by the application price (Table 3) and then by the percent acres applied. A value less than 100% is used when a material or service is applied on only part of the acres or part of the time. For example, fields planted with Bt corn seed must have 20 percent of the acres planted to a refuge crop. There would be 20 percent in the column called “Percent Acres Applied” for the non- Bt seed and 80 percent for the Bt seed. Another example is when a practice is not always used. If an insecticide is used one year out of four, a “25 percent” would be entered in the column “Percent Acres Applied.” The cost for each material/service is computed by multiplying the percentage of acres by the quantity per acre and then by the price per unit. Note: All prices for materials and services in the budgets were obtained in October 2012. The value in the “Operation Index” column in the “Materials and Services” section indicates the corresponding operation in the “Field Operations” section. Data for calculating materials cost is in Table 3. The operations and interest is the sum of totals of the first two sections with interest calculated on the cash costs. Cash costs in interest calculations include labor, fuel, and repairs from the list of field operations and all costs from the materials and services. Overhead costs include accounting, liability insurance, vehicle cost, and office expense. Real estate values used are from the UNL publication Nebraska Farm Real Estate Market Developments 2012-2013 published in June 2012. Taxes on real estate are not included in interest calculations because in Nebraska they are due at the end of the year in which they accrue and are not delinquent until May and September of the following year. A cost per unit of production and cash cost per unit of production is calculated. The cost per unit of production is the sum of all costs divided by the projected yield. The cash cost per unit of production is the sum of labor, fuel, repairs, materials and services, and interest, divided by the projected yield. It should be noted that many enterprise budgets are cost and return estimates. These budgets are cost estimates only so have no estimates as to profitability

G91-1009 Getting Started in Ecofarming: Growing the Winter Wheat Crop

Cultural practices can improve the weed competitiveness of winter wheat in an ecofallow program, thus increasing the effectiveness of herbicides. Ecofarming is a popular conservation tillage practice used in Nebraska areas where winter wheat is produced. It requires a high degree of management, but the rewards through higher crop yields and erosion protection are worth the effort. In Nebraska the winter wheat-fallow rotation is the common rotation used in areas of less than 17 inches of rainfall, while in areas that receive 17 to 22 inches the winter wheat-corn or sorghum fallow rotation is most common. In 1988, 41 percent of the available wheat stubble fields in west central and southwest Nebraska and 11 percent in the Panhandle were sprayed with a herbicide after wheat harvest. In 1986 a field survey was taken one to two months after herbicides were applied after winter wheat harvest. Results indicated that many cultural practices greatly influenced weed control in the winter wheat stubble. The purpose of this NebGuide is to explain how some of these cultural practices can be used by farmers to improve the weed competitiveness of their winter wheat. Hence, when herbicides are used their effectiveness is increased

2016 Nebraska Crop Budgets

1-Alfalfa, Fall Establishment, Dryland 2-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready® No-Till, Fall Establishment, Dryland 3-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready®, Fall Establishment, Dryland 4-Alfalfa, Establish Spring Seed with Herbicides, Dryland 5-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready®, Establish Spring Seed, Dryland 6-Alfalfa, Establish Spring Seed with Herbicides, Pivot Irrigated 7-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready®, Establish Spring Seed, Pivot Irrigated 8-Alfalfa, Fall Seeded with Subsequent Year Production, Gravity Irrigated, Canal 9-Alfalfa, Large Round Bale, Dryland 10-Alfalfa, Large and Small Square Bale, Pivot Irrigated 11-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready®, Large and Small Square Bale, Pivot Irrigated 12-Alfalfa, Large and Small Square Bale, Pivot Irrigated 13-Alfalfa, Large Square Bale, Canal Irrigated 14-Alfalfa, Roundup Ready®, Large Square Bale, Canal Irrigated 15-Corn, Conventional Tillage, Continuous, 90 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 16-Corn, Eastern Nebraska Conventional Tillage, Continuous, 155 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 17-Corn, No-Till, Bt, ECB, RW & RR2, Continuous, 125 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 18-Corn, Eastern Nebraska, No-Till, Bt, ECB, RW & RR2, Continuous, 170 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 19-Corn, No-Till, SmartStax RIB Complete, Continuous, 130 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 20-Corn, Eastern Nebraska No-Till, SmartStax RIB Complete, Continuous, 175 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 21-Corn, No-Till, Bt & ECB, after Soybeans, 135 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 22-Corn, Eastern Nebraska No-Till, Bt & ECB, after Soybeans, 180 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 23-Corn, Ecofallow, Follows Wheat, Two Crops in Three Years, RR2, Bt & ECB, 125 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 24-Corn, Ridge Till, Bt, ECB & RW, Continuous, 230 bu Yield Goal, Gravity Irrigated 25-Corn, Ridge Till, SmartStax RIB Complete, Continuous, 240 bu Yield Goal, Gravity Irrigated 26-Corn, Panhandle Continuous, SmartStax RIB Complete, 190 bu Yield Goal, Canal Irrigated 27-Corn, No-Till, Bt, ECB & RW, Continuous, 240 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 28-Corn, No-Till, SmartStax RIB Complete, Continuous, 250 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 29-Corn, Bt, ECB & RW, Continuous, 230 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 30-Corn, Panhandle, SmartStax RIB Complete, 190 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 31-Corn, SmartStax RIB Complete, Continuous, 240 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 32-Corn, No-Till, Bt & ECB after Beans, 240 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 33-Corn, Silage, No-Till following Corn, Pivot Irrigated 34-Dry Beans, Reduced Till with Wheat Cover Crop after Harvest, Pivot Irrigated 35-Dry Beans, Conventional Tillage, Canal Irrigated 36-Dry Beans, Conventional Tillage Using Pumped Water, Pivot Irrigated 37-Dry Beans, Direct Harvest, Conventional Tillage Using Pumped Water, Pivot Irrigated 38-Grain Sorghum, Conventional Tillage, 105 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 39-Grain Sorghum, No-Till, 125 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 40-Grain Sorghum, Ecofallow, After Wheat, Two Crops in Three Years, 115 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 41-Grain Sorghum, No-Till, Limited Irrigation, 165 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 42-Grass, Fall Establishment, Pivot Irrigated 43-Grass Hay, Large Round Bale, Dryland 44-Millet, Stubble Mulch Fallow, Followed by Wheat, Two Crops in Three Years, Dryland 45-Millet, No-Till, Dryland 46-Oats, No-Till, 90 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 47-Pasture, Grazing, Pivot Irrigated 48-Peas, No-Till, Dryland 49-Sorghum-Sudan, Annually Planted, Large Round Bale, Dryland 50-Soybeans, Tilled Seed Bed, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Dryland 51-Soybeans, No-Till, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Dryland 52-Soybeans, No-Till, Roundup Ready® Continuous, Dryland 53-Soybeans, Tilled Seedbed, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Pivot Irrigated 54-Soybeans, Ridge Till, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Gravity Irrigated 55-Soybeans, No-Till 15-inch Row, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Pivot Irrigated 56-Soybeans, Roundup Ready®, No-Till Narrow Row, Continuous, Pivot Irrigated 57-Soybeans, No-Till Drilled 7.5-inch Rows, Roundup Ready® after Corn, Pivot Irrigated 58-Sugarbeet, Roundup Ready®, One Pass Zone-Tillage, Canal Irrigated 59-Sugarbeet, Roundup Ready®, Conventional Tillage, Gravity Irrigated, Canal 60-Sugarbeet, Roundup Ready®, One Pass Zone-Tillage, Pivot Irrigated 61-Sugarbeet, Roundup Ready®, Conventional Tillage, Pivot Irrigated 62-Sunflower, No-Till, Following Corn or Grain Sorghum, Dryland 63-Sunflower, Ecofallow, after Wheat, Two Crops in Three Years, Dryland 64-Sunflower, No-Till, Pivot Irrigated 65-Wheat, No-Till, Wheat after Row Crop, 50 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 66-Wheat, No-Till Fallow, One Crop in Two Years, 60 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 67-Wheat, Stubble Mulch Fallow, One Crop in Two Years, 55 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 68-Wheat, Clean Till Fallow, One Crop in Two Years, 50 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 69-Wheat, No-Till Wheat before Corn, Two Crops in Three Years, 65 bu Yield Goal, Dryland 70-Wheat, No-Till after Beans, 100 bu Yield Goal, Pivot Irrigated 71-Wheat, No-Till, in Rotation, Pivot Irrigated 72-Cover Crop, Conventional Tillage 73-Cover Crop, No-Til

E872 Crop Budgets: Nebraska – 2010

Each budget consists of five sections: 1) The heading, 2) List of representative field operations, 3) List of materials and services used, 4) Operations and interest tabulations, and 5) Overhead costs including real estate taxes and opportunity charges. The budgets are presented in a worksheet format with a \u27\u27Your Estimate\u27\u27 column for recording modifications in costs. The heading consists of the crop name, source, amount, and application method of water, operating system description, and yield goal and yield estimate. The list of representative field operations is organized in a table with columns for the names of the operations, Times or Quantity, Labor, Fuel and Lube, and power source and implement costs for both Repairs and Ownership. Times or Quantity is typically in acres with a decimal denoting where an operation is done on a fraction of acres or where it represents the probability of an operation being done. Those operations that are done multiple times, swathing the several cuttings of hay for example, show the number of times. Other units used are bushels, hundredweight, tons, and acre inches. Labor costs for each operation were calculated from machinery accomplishment rates and adjusted for additional time required for getting machinery ready, adjusting machinery, and handling fertilizer and other supplies. The estimated costs for completing these operations are multiplied times the number in the \u27\u27Times or Qty\u27\u27 column, the product of which is multiplied times the hourly wage ($12 per hour) and labor factor. Fuel costs also use machinery accomplishment rates as well as estimated fuel consumption rates to determine fuel use. This is multiplied by a lube factor and the price of energy which is$2.00 per gallon for diesel and $0.783 per kwh for electricity. Repairs and depreciation costs were estimated using functions and factors from the Agricultural Engineer\u27s Yearbook which is published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. It requires making assumptions about the size and age of the equipment. It was assumed that machinery chosen was fully utilized. The age used for all field machines except irrigation equipment (pivots and pipe) was five years. The age assumed for irrigation equipment was ten years. The age assumed for all power units except diesel pumping engines and a small tractor used for spraying was five years. The age assumed for the diesel pumping engines was three years and the small spraying tractor ten years. Costing functions were based on the current list price of comparable items. For self propelled items, such as combines, the power unit repair and ownership costs estimates cover the principle machine and the implement costs covers the head. Data used for calculating power units’ cost are in Table 1 and machinery operations’ costs are in Table 2. Irrigation costs were calculated using engineering performance standards and typical water application rates which will depend on the rainfall area. Power costs for irrigation refer to the pump and power unit and implement costs are for the delivery system (pipe or pivot). Depreciation and interest for the well are budgeted with land costs

E872 Crop Budgets: Nebraska – 2010

Each budget consists of five sections: 1) The heading, 2) List of representative field operations, 3) List of materials and services used, 4) Operations and interest tabulations, and 5) Overhead costs including real estate taxes and opportunity charges. The budgets are presented in a worksheet format with a \u27\u27Your Estimate\u27\u27 column for recording modifications in costs. The heading consists of the crop name, source, amount, and application method of water, operating system description, and yield goal and yield estimate. The list of representative field operations is organized in a table with columns for the names of the operations, Times or Quantity, Labor, Fuel and Lube, and power source and implement costs for both Repairs and Ownership. Times or Quantity is typically in acres with a decimal denoting where an operation is done on a fraction of acres or where it represents the probability of an operation being done. Those operations that are done multiple times, swathing the several cuttings of hay for example, show the number of times. Other units used are bushels, hundredweight, tons, and acre inches. Labor costs for each operation were calculated from machinery accomplishment rates and adjusted for additional time required for getting machinery ready, adjusting machinery, and handling fertilizer and other supplies. The estimated costs for completing these operations are multiplied times the number in the \u27\u27Times or Qty\u27\u27 column, the product of which is multiplied times the hourly wage ($12 per hour) and labor factor. Fuel costs also use machinery accomplishment rates as well as estimated fuel consumption rates to determine fuel use. This is multiplied by a lube factor and the price of energy which is$2.00 per gallon for diesel and $0.783 per kwh for electricity. Repairs and depreciation costs were estimated using functions and factors from the Agricultural Engineer\u27s Yearbook which is published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. It requires making assumptions about the size and age of the equipment. It was assumed that machinery chosen was fully utilized. The age used for all field machines except irrigation equipment (pivots and pipe) was five years. The age assumed for irrigation equipment was ten years. The age assumed for all power units except diesel pumping engines and a small tractor used for spraying was five years. The age assumed for the diesel pumping engines was three years and the small spraying tractor ten years. Costing functions were based on the current list price of comparable items. For self propelled items, such as combines, the power unit repair and ownership costs estimates cover the principle machine and the implement costs covers the head. Data used for calculating power units’ cost are in Table 1 and machinery operations’ costs are in Table 2. Irrigation costs were calculated using engineering performance standards and typical water application rates which will depend on the rainfall area. Power costs for irrigation refer to the pump and power unit and implement costs are for the delivery system (pipe or pivot). Depreciation and interest for the well are budgeted with land costs

G92-1097 Root and Crown Rot: Winterkill Complex of Winter Wheat

Root and crown rot--winterkill complex is discussed, including nature of the complex, symptoms, control, and management rationale. Root and crown rot of winter wheat is an interrelated disease complex caused by the interaction of infection of roots and crowns by Bipolaris sorokiniana and/or Fusarium graminearum and harsh winter conditions. It is an insidious, persistent and inconspicuous disease complex that reduces wheat yields each year. In extreme cases, entire fields or large areas within fields are killed. The ultimate effect is loss of stands, poor plant vigor, reduced yield and lower grain quality