MAXIMUM DATA RATE DETERMINATION OF A TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION CHANNEL

The transmission channel is an electrical medium that bridges the distance from the source to the destination. It may be apair of wires, a coaxial cable, a radio path, or an optical fiber. Every channel introduces some amount of transmission loss orattenuation and, therefore, the transmitted power progressively decreases with increasing distance. The signal is alsodistorted in the transmission channel because of different attenuation at different frequencies. Signals usually containcomponents at many frequencies and if some are attenuated and some are not, the shape of the signal changes. This change isknown as distortion. Note that a transmission channel often includes many speech or data channels that are multiplexed intothe same cable pair or fiber. In this paper we present the determination of maximum data rate of a telephone channel.Keywords: Bandwidth, Data Rate, Symbol Rate, Transmission Channe

A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL GROUP CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA, A PROPRIETARY CHROMIUM COMPLEX, AND THEIR COMBINATION IN SUBJECTS WITH JOINT DISCOMFORT

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect of an aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula (TCE), a proprietary chromium complex (PCC), and theircombination in subjects with joint discomfort.Methods: A total of 100 patients with knee joint discomfort were randomized into five treatment groups - TCE 500 mg BID, TCE 500 mg BID+PCC400 µg OD, PCC 400 µg OD alone, placebo, and TCE 250 mg BID, for 12 weeks in a double-blinded manner. Assessment of symptoms of knee joint painand discomfort was done by modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (mWOMAC) and knee swelling index (KSI); visualanalog scale (VAS) was used for subjective assessment of pain, stiffness, and disability. Statistical analysis was done with GraphPad Prism 6.Results: Absolute reduction in mWOMAC score in TCE 500 mg (19.82±8.35), TCE 500 mg+PCC 400 µg (13.10±5.69), PCC 400 µg (8.30±3.81), placebo(2.45±3.07), and TCE 250 mg (10.47±4.43), respectively, at the end of 12 weeks as compared to the baseline values. Absolute reduction in KSI inTCE 500 mg (28.95±16.82), TCE 500 mg+PCC 400 µg (19.14±9.50), PCC 400 µg (12.7±4.86), placebo (10.03±3.8), and TCE 250 mg (18.24±6.86),respectively, at the end of 12 weeks as compared to the baseline values (p<0.001). Similar results were seen with VAS assessments for pain, stiffness,and disability. All the treatments were well tolerated.Conclusion: TCE and PCC reduce joint discomfort.Keywords: Terminalia chebula extract, Proprietary chromium complex, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index

Meteor radar measurements of MLT winds near the equatorial electro jet region over Thumba (8.5° N, 77° E): comparison with TIDI observations

The All-Sky interferometric meteor (SKYiMET) radar (MR) derived winds in the vicinity of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) are discussed. As Thumba (8.5° N, 77° E; dip lat. 0.5° N) is under the EEJ belt, there has been some debate on the reliability of the meteor radar derived winds near the EEJ height region. In this regard, the composite diurnal variations of zonal wind profiles in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region derived from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) and ground based meteor radar at Thumba are compared. In this study, emphasis is given to verify the meteor radar observations at 98 km height region, especially during the EEJ peaking time (11:00 to 14:00 LT). The composite diurnal cycles of zonal winds over Thumba are constructed during four seasons of the year 2006 using TIDI and meteor radar observations, which showed good agreement especially during the peak EEJ hours, thus assuring the reliability of meteor radar measurements of neutral winds close to the EEJ height region. It is evident from the present study that on seasonal scales, the radar measurements are not biased by the EEJ. The day-time variations of HF radar measured E-region drifts at the EEJ region are also compared with MR measurements to show there are large differences between ionospheric drifts and MR measurements. The significance of the present study lies in validating the meteor radar technique over Thumba located at magnetic equator by comparing with other than the radio technique for the first time

Analysis of microsatellite polymorphisms in south Indian patients with non syndromic cleft lip and palate

Non Syndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate (NSCLP) is a complex congenital anomaly with varying incidence among patients of different geographical origins. Multiple contributing factors are known to trigger the cleft formation. There are several genes involved in the aetiology of NSCLP and they are different in different populations. The genetic components of clefts that underlie the susceptibility to respond to the environment still remain unclear. In this study, five microsatellite polymorphisms from five candidate genes were employed to analyze the association between these genes and NSCLP in 83 patients and 90 controls. Genotyping was performed by separating and visualizing the fluorescently-labeled Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products. The association of the five microsatellite polymorphisms with NSCLP was tested by using the CLUMP v1.9 program that uses the Monte Carlo method. The genotypic distribution is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control group for only the MSX1 and DLX3 genes. The RARA microsatellite was significantly associated with NSCLP. Our results suggest that the RARA gene is involved in pathogenesis of cleft lip and palate in south Indians

Correlation between endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory status, oxidative stress and total (nitrite/ nitrate) in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disorder associated with Endothelial dysfunction and increased systemic inflammatory state with oxidative stress leading to increased Cardiovascular risk. This study planned to correlate the level of Endothelial dysfunction with oxidative stress and inflammatory status.Methods: Study was conducted in 60 Diabetes Mellitus subjects of both genders with duration of more than two years. Endothelial dysfunction assessed as Augmentation Pressure and Augmentation Index generated from Radial artery waveforms by tonometer using Spygmocor PWA system. Plasma Total Nitrite/ Nitrate, High sensitive C - Reactive Protein, Malondialdehyde and Glutathione were measured.Results: Out of total 60 Diabetes Mellitus subjects 16 subjects were with Coronary Artery Disease. There was no significant difference in High sensitive C - Reactive Protein, Glutathione, Malondialdehyde and Total Nitrite/ Nitrate between Diabetes Mellitus with Coronary Artery Disease and without Coronary Artery Disease, however significant difference (p=0.02) was observed Augmentation Pressure between Diabetic alone (12.8±5.19 mm of Mercury) and diabetics with Coronary Artery Disease (16.13±33.47 mm of Mercury) and Augmentation Index (p=0.04) between Diabetic alone (29.8±5.68 mm of Mercury) and diabetics with Coronary Artery Disease (40.01±5.74). As endothelial function is age dependent the subjects were divided into three age groups (20-40 years, 40-60 years and more than 60 years). High sensitive C - Reactive Protein, Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, Total Nitrite/ Nitrate and Augmentation Index did not differ in the three age groups while Augmentation Pressure (p=0.0096) showed significant difference between age group 20-40 years (10.59±3.24) and age group more than 60 years (15.83±3.92).Conclusions: There is significant endothelial dysfunction observed in Diabetes Mellitus subjects and Diabetes Mellitus with coronary artery disease showed greater endothelial dyfunction. Thereby concluding that Diabetes Mellitus subjects were at higher risk for development of coronary artery disease and as endothelial dysfunction is an early event, it may have some prognostic value

Antibiosis mechanism of resistance to spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in sorghum, Sorghum bioclor

Spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), is the most important pest of sorghum in Asia and South and Eastern Africa, and host plant resistance is an important component for controlling this pest under subsistence farming conditions. Therefore, we studied the antibiosis mechanism of resistance in a diverse array of 20 sorghum genotypes at the seedling stage by incorporating the freeze-dried leaf powder into artificial diet. Freeze-dried sorghum leaf powder at 12.5 g per 250 ml of the standard artificial diet or replacement of chickpea flour in the artificial diet by 50% with sorghum leaf powder can be used to quantify the extent of antibiosis mechanism of resistance to C. partellus in sorghum. There was a significant variation in larval survival, larval and pupal weights, larval and pupal periods, and percentage pupation and adult emergence in diets impregnated with freeze-dried leaf powder of different sorghum genotypes. Sorghum genotypes such as IS 1044, IS 2123, IS 1054, IS 18573, and ICSV 714 showed antibiosis to C. partellus in terms of reduced survival and development. Principal component analysis indicated that there is considerable diversity in sorghum genotypes for antibiosis to C. partellus. Genotypes placed in different groups can be used in resistance breeding programs to diversify the basis of resistance to this pest

Expression of antixenosis and antibiosis components of resistance to spotted stem borer Chilo partellus in sorghum under greenhouse conditions

We studied antixenosis and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance to C. partellus at the seedling stage in a diverse array of stem borer resistant genotypes, and landraces/improved varieties susceptible to stem borer under greenhouse conditions