Extension of piecewise exact solution method for two- and three-dimensional fluid flows

Extended forms of a pseudo-numerical scheme for advection terms in fluid momentum equations are proposed here. The fact that analytic solution exists for the Burgers equation, if velocity distribution in space is straight for one-dimensional flow, was shown by Jang et al. Analytic solution also exists for two- or three-dimensional fluid flows, if the velocity components in two- or three-direction are linearly distributed in space, and the existing piecewise exact solution method is extended for two- and three-dimensions here. The analytic solution is adopted for computation of the advecting property of fluid momentum in two- or three-dimensional directions. This method produces zero numerical error during one time increment so that it is distinguished from any other numerical scheme which produces small or large numerical error within one time increment. The behavior of the new scheme is demonstrated for two- and three-dimensional examples. The nonlinear modifications of velocity profiles towards singularity with time progress are well simulated for three test cases. The computed maximum relative errors for a given condition for one-, two-, and three-dimensions become larger as the number of dimension increases. The scheme is believed to work well for two- and three-dimensional flows

Field Performance Measurements of VRF System with Subcooling Heat Exchanger

In this study, the cooling performance of the multi-split variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning system operated in the academic building environment was simulated with EnergyPlus software, which has a new module for VRF heat pump systems. Simulation results were validated with the field test results during the cooling season. The comparison result shows that 87.5% of all simulated daily power consumption data agree with the experimental data within ±15% deviation. The root-mean-square deviations of daily, weekly and monthly electricity power consumptions for the total simulation period between the simulated and measured values are 5.63 kWh, 11.12 kWh and 37.58 kWh, respectively. The averages of the absolute values of the daily, weekly and monthly relative error for the total simulation period are 7.97%, 2.40% and 2.22%, respectively

Anti-inflammatory effect of Antirrhinum majus extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Antirrhinum majus (AM) has attracted attention as a rich source of phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of AM have not been studied scientifically. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidative properties and anti-inflammatory effects of AM extract (AME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. AME showed high radical-scavenging ability. Viability of RAW 264.7 cells was not significantly altered by AME at the concentrations of 0–300 µg/ml. LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was decreased by treatment with 0–300 µg/ml AME in a concentration-dependent manner. AME pretreatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a concentration-dependent manner. AME also considerably inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings provide a foundation for further studies and use of AM in nutraceuticals

Synthesis and characterization of copper(II) complex containing 2,2'-dipyridylbenzamide

A new copper complex containing 2,2'-dipyridylbenzamide(dpba), Cu(dpba)(NO3)(2)(CH3CN), has been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure has been determined. Crystal data: space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), Z=8, a=13.911(3) Angstrom, b=16.813(3) Angstrom, c=18.932(3) Angstrom, V=4427.9(1) Angstrom(3) and R=0.0674 for 1716 reflections. The copper environment is square pyramidal containing acetonitrile in axial site. Spectroscopic properties has been characterized in solution state. The redox property of the Cu(dpba)(NO3)(2) complex is different from that of corresponding copper-dpa complex.ope

Fully Transparent and Rollable Electronics

Major obstacles toward the manufacture of transparent and flexible display screens include the difficulty of finding transparent and flexible semiconductors and electrodes, temperature restrictions of flexible plastic substrates, and bulging or warping of the flexible electronics during processing. Here we report the fabrication and performance of fully transparent and rollable thin-film transistor (TFT) circuits for display applications. The TFTs employ an amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide semiconductor (with optical band gap of 3.1 eV) and amorphous indium–zinc oxide transparent conductive electrodes, and are built on 15-μm-thick solution-processed colorless polyimide (CPI), resulting in optical transmittance >70% in the visible range. As the CPI supports processing temperatures >300 °C, TFT performance on plastic is similar to that on glass, with typical field-effect mobility, turn-on voltage, and subthreshold voltage swing of 12.7 ± 0.5 cm²/V·s, −1.7 ± 0.2 V, and 160 ± 29 mV/dec, respectively. There is no significant degradation after rolling the TFTs 100 times on a cylinder with a radius of 4 mm or when shift registers, each consisting of 40 TFTs, are operated while bent to a radius of 2 mm. For handling purposes, carrier glass is used during fabrication, together with a very thin (∼1 nm) solution-processed carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene oxide (GO) backbone that is first spin-coated on the glass to decrease adhesion of the CPI to the glass; peel strength of the CPI from glass decreases from 0.43 to 0.10 N/cm, which eases the process of detachment performed after device fabrication. Given that the CNT/GO remains embedded under the CPI after detachment, it minimizes wrinkling and decreases the substrate’s tensile elongation from 8.0% to 4.6%. Device performance is also stable under electrostatic discharge exposures up to 10 kV, as electrostatic charge can be released via the conducting CNTs