Additional file 5: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

The list of gene-associated SNPs with type, positions and sequence context. (XLSX 11974 kb

Additional file 4: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

Indel based CAPS primers. (XLSX 15 kb

Additional file 2: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

HRM primer list based on the polymorphic SNPs between YCM334 and Taean. (XLSX 63194 kb

Additional file 7: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

CAPS genotyping results in 156 RIL population from a cross of YCM334 and Taean using selected SNP marker (CA04G03400 SNP1, Additional file 1: Figure S1) and BW resistance phenotype scored from 1 (most resistant) to 5 (most susceptible). (XLSX 13 kb

Additional file 3: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

CAPS primer set and restriction enzyme for detecting polymorphism on genic regions. (XLSX 6953 kb

Additional file 6: of Resequencing of Capsicum annuum parental lines (YCM334 and Taean) for the genetic analysis of bacterial wilt resistance

SNPs exerting the nonsynounymous protein changes on NBS-LRR genes. (XLSX 55 kb

Enhancement of the anticancer effect of atorvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions by improving oral absorption via multivalent intestinal transporter-targeting lipids

Atorvastatin (ATV) has attracted considerable attention as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer because it inhibits cancer cell proliferation by suppressing the mevalonate pathway. However, because of its low oral absorption, high doses of ATV are required for chemotherapeutic applications. In this study, we constructed ATV-loaded nanoemulsions (ATV-NEs) containing multivalent intestinal transporter-targeting lipids to improve the oral bioavailability of ATV. ATV-NEs were prepared via oil-in-water emulsification for transporter-targeted delivery, and contained the following anchors: an ionic complex of deoxycholic acid (DOCA) with the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) (DOCA-DOTAP), a biotin-conjugated lipid (Biotinyl PE), and d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) to allow bile acid- and multivitamin transporter-mediated permeation of ATV without P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux. The optimized formulation (ATV-NE#6) had 1,091% higher oral bioavailability than free ATV. Finally, treatment of 4T1 cell-bearing mice with oral ATV-NE#6 (equivalent to 40 mg/kg ATV) significantly suppressed tumor growth; the maximum tumor growth reduction was 2.44-fold that of the control group. The results thus suggest that ATV-NEs allow for effective oral chemotherapy by enhancing the oral bioavailability of ATV.</p

Novel reverse electrodialysis-driven iontophoretic system for topical and transdermal delivery of poorly permeable therapeutic agents

<p>Topical and transdermal drug delivery has great potential in non-invasive and non-oral administration of poorly bioavailable therapeutic agents. However, due to the barrier function of the stratum corneum, the drugs that can be clinically feasible candidates for topical and transdermal delivery have been limited to small-sized lipophilic molecules. Previously, we fabricated a novel iontophoretic system using reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology (RED system). However, no study has demonstrated its utility in topical and/or transdermal delivery of poorly permeable therapeutic agents. In this study, we report the topical delivery of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–hyaluronic acid (FITC–HA) and vitamin C and the transdermal delivery of lopinavir using our newly developed RED system in the <i>in vitro</i> hairless mouse skin and <i>in vivo</i> Sprague–Dawley rat models. The RED system significantly enhanced the efficiency of topical HA and vitamin C and transdermal lopinavir delivery. Moreover, the efficiency and safety of transdermal delivery using the RED system were comparable with those of a commercial ketoprofen patch formulation. Thus, the RED system can be a potential topical and transdermal delivery system for various poorly bioavailable pharmaceuticals including HA, vitamin C, and lopinavir.</p