Impact Of Information Technology on BPR: A Study Of Information Technology As BPR Enabler in Tractor Industry In Pakistan

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is defined as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of   business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance. Among the potential enablers of BPR is information technology (IT). IT makes it possible to obtain improvements in BPR, though not just by it. This study examines a series of relationships between information technology (IT) and business process reengineering (BPR). Specifically, it argues that those aspiring to do business process reengineering must begin to apply the capabilities of information technology. The purpose of this paper is to answer some questions regarding this issue, like: Is the use of information technology a critical success factor of reengineering ? Is it possible to reengineer the business without the existence of IT sophistications? What are the facilitations that have been contributed by IT to successful reengineering? The methodology that has been adopted in the study is reviewing the literature to explore answers for such questions. It was found that IT has a critical role in the success of BPR project in achieving dramatic improvements, at the same time BPR introduced well defined strategies to make an organization heavily extracts the benefits from such enablers with huge capabilities and to employ IT correctly and efficiently. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibilities for improvement in the processes of Cost Accounting Information System in Tractor industry after re-engineering through use of information technology. Data has been collected through unstructured interviews from the technical experts in the companies and from the website. Besides, extensive study has been carried out from the existing literature. By applying BPR techniques and technology, Most of the companies in tractor industry has achieved about 50% reduction in waste in production (WIP), 20% reduction in lead times and 90% reduction in overtime resulting into a lot of savings. Keywords: Businesses Process Reengineering; Information Technology; Manufacturing Companies; Tractor Industry in Pakistan

Governance challenges in Public Sector: an Analysis of Governance and Efficiency Issues in Public Sector Institutions in Pakistan

Governance and Institutions are not ends in themselves but it is well known by now that good governance and effectively functioning institutions are required, along with sensible policies and well designed public investment. How do Governance and Institutions interact? Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources. Good governance requires checks and balances in a country’s institutional infrastructure, such that politicians and bureaucrats have the flexibility to pursue the common good. A variety of institutional mechanisms can provide the checks and balances that will lead to good governance and reduced corruption. To be enduring and credible, these mechanisms need to be anchored in core state institutions. Power can be divided horizontally among judiciary, the legislative and the executive, and vertically between central, provincial and local authorities. Public sector in Pakistan is not efficient enough to positively impact the economy due to political and bureaucratic misuse of authority and influences This paper discusses only a few of the underlying legislative and administrative factors which have contributed to mal -governance in public sector in Pakistan. To investigate and determine the efficiency and effectiveness of governance, different variables have been identified and secondary data resources have been used to highlight governance issues in public sector institutions of Pakistan. Findings of the research will be helpful in improving governance in public sector institutions through reforms in Parliamentary, Judicial and Civil Services system of Pakistan as well as for other third world countries having similar challenges of governance in their countries. Keywords: Governance, Public Sector, Public Sector Institution

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A Study of Law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practice

An Interactive Team Leadership: a Conceptual Model for Team based Organizational Effectiveness in large Hierarchical Organizations

Despite Interactive leadership enjoying success and attention as an exceptional leadership theory, few scholars have investigated a specific link between Interactive leadership theories and team performance. As such, the researchers discuss how interactive leadership theories can provide a framework in which to investigate a leader’s impact on team performance. As the scope and complexity of modern task demands exceeding capability of individuals to perform, teams are emerging to shoulder the burgeoning requirements. Accordingly, researchers have striven to understand and enhance human performance in team settings. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of interactive team leadership for hierarchical organizations such as law enforcing agencies and other public sector organizations in Pakistan, that is workable, practical and efficient compared to traditional leadership model. Further specified are important avenues to creating successful teams like structure of teams, team selection/composition, task design, role of top leader and subordinate leaders. In other words, one can select the right people, provide them with a task engineered for superior performance and train them in the appropriate skills to accomplish that task for overall success of the organization as per set objectives. Researchers have also drawn comparative analysis of proposed interactive team leadership model and traditional hierarchical leadership model in order to prove practicability of the conceptual model. The paper concludes with the identification of ways to select better teams, to design better team tasks and by mentioning effective techniques from which to draw principles, guidelines and specifications to maximize success. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Keywords: Interactive Leadership, Team Leadership, Organizational Effectivenes

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A study of law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practices

Impact of Sparse and Dense Deployment of Nodes Under Different Propagation Models in Manets

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast-expanding technology in the last two decades. One of the major issues and challenging areas in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depend on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at the receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while the mobility of nodes is responsible for the topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to the variation of signal strength at the receiver and obstacles between transmissions. In this paper,it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average packet drop average latency and average Throughput. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility have a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios

Comparison of chest X-ray with lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children aged 02 months to 12 years

Objective: To observe the reliability of lung ultrasound in diagnosing pneumonia as compared to chest X-ray.Materials and Methods: This Prospective cohort study was carried out over a period of three months in the Paediatric Department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi. One hundred patients, 2 months to 12 years of age were enrolled in the study. All the patients were subjected to chest X-ray and lung ultrasound within 12 hours of admission. Data was recorded on predesigned Performa and processed on SPSS version 25. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for chest X-ray and lung ultrasound.Results: LUS was found to be more efficient in detecting consolidations (64 out of 100) as compared to CXR (50 out of 100). In 14 patients CXR was not able to detect consolidations but LUS detected the same. Fourteen patients in whom lung ultrasound was positive for consolidations but CXR was negative were subjected to CT chest. Out of these 14 CT scans, 11 were positive and 3 were negative for consolidations. Lung ultrasound was found to have a Sensitivity of 100%, the specificity of 92.30%, PPV 95.31%, NPV of 100%, and accuracy of 97% as compared to Sensitivity of 81%, the specificity of 100%, PPV 100%, NPV of 78% and accuracy of 89% for CXR in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children.Conclusion: Results from our study confirmed by many other studies on the same research question allow us to conclude that Lung ultrasound is a fast, low cost, reliable, radiation-free alternative to chest x-ray in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. &nbsp

Razina imunoglobulina u odnosu na neonatalnu smrtnost janjadi pak- karakul ovaca.

The study was conducted on 85 neonatals of Pak-Karakul sheep at the Sheep and Goat Development Centre, Rakh Khairewala, District Layyah, Pakistan, with the aim of assessing the relationship of immunoglobulins to neonatal lamb mortality. Overall mortality in neonates was 8.24%. Surviving lambs (3.77±0.07 kg) were significantly (P<0.001) heavier than those that died during the neonatal period (2.79±0.018 kg). Males were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than females (3.84±0.11 vs. 3.52±0.09 kg). The lambs that survived the neonatal period had a significantly (P<0.001) higher level of immunoglobulins (30.89±0.87 ZST units) than those that died (7.08±1.99 ZST units). The mean total serum protein values for surviving and dead lambs, using a refractometer, were 78.51±1.86 and 47.14±4.84 g/l, respectively. The turbidity values below 10 ZST units and total serum protein level below 50 g/l may be considered as an indication of hypogammaglobulinemia and consequently an increased susceptibility to diseases and subsequent deaths.Istraživanje je provedeno na 85 novorođenčadi pak-karakul ovaca u Sheep and Goat Development Centru u Rakh Khairewala, u području Layyah u Pakistanu, s ciljem procjene odnosa imunoglobulina i neonatalne smrtnosti janjadi. Ukupna smrtnost novorođenčadi je bila 8,24%. Janjad koja je preživjela (3,77±0,07 kg) imala je značajno (P<0,001) veću masu od one koja je uginula u neonatalnom razdoblju (2,79±0,018 kg). Masa mužjaka bila je značajno (P<0,05) veća od mase ženki (3,84±0,11 prema 3,52±0,09 kg). Janjci koji su preživjeli neonatalno razdoblje imali su značajno (P<0,001) višu razinu imunoglobulina (30,89±0,87 ZST jedinica) od onih koji su uginuli (7,08±1,99 ZST jedinica). Prosječne vrijednosti ukupnih serumskih proteina preživjelih i uginulih janjaca, mjerene refraktometrom, bile su 78,51±1,86 odnosno 47,14±4,84 g/l. Vrijednosti za turbiditet ispod10 ZST jedinica i za ukupne serumske proteine ispod 50 g/l mogu se smatrati indikacijom hipogamaglobulinemije i posljedične povećane prijemljivosti za bolesti i smrtnost