Role and immunomodulatory profile of histamine receptors by H1 and H2 antagonists

The present study was designed to delineate the immunomodulatory role of histamine receptors (H1- and H2-) on induction of antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as well as the antibody generation profile, in rabbit system, systemically. The rabbits in two groups received pheniramine (H1-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonist), respectively, via intramuscular route and were immunized with SRBC intravenously to evaluate suppression or enhancement of antibody responses in sem. A third, control group, received vehicle and were immunized in a similar manner. Histamine released from effector cells (mast cells and basophils) _in vivo_ during inflammatory reactions could influence a detectable antibody response to SRBC as early as day 7-postimmunization (post-I), which lasted until day 28- post-I. Pheniramine-treated rabbits had significantly (*Pa ≤ 0.05 and **Pa ≤ 0.01) more suppressed total serum antibody (IgM + IgG) to SRBC as compared to ranitidine-treated ad cotrol rabbits, while ranitidine-treated rabbits showed different pattern (suppressed or enhanced) during the whole study period. Ranitidine suppressed total antibody level at days 7- and 14- post-I, and enhanced at days 21- and 28- post-I. IgM suppression at day 7- and enhancement at days 14-, 21- and 28- post-I, while IgG suppression during whole study period, as compared to control group was significant (*Pa ≤ 0.05 and **Pa ≤ 0.01) as assessed by direct hemagglutination assay* ad whole SBC-ELISA method**. Here we report that histamine receptor type 2 (H2R)-antagonists have a dominant role on immunosuppression and in immunoregulation of humoral immune responses. Histamine receptor type 2 (H2R)-antagonists are mainly involved in B cell differentiation and proliferation over histamine receptor type 1 (H1R)-antagonists

Dyeing studies with henna and madder: A research on effect of tin (II) chloride mordant

The present paper deals with the application of natural dyes extracted from powdered henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves and madder (Rubia cordifolia) roots on woolen yarn and assessment of effect of stannous chloride mordant on dyeability, color characteristics, fastness properties and antifungal activity of dyed woolen yarn. Sixteen shades have been developed for the characterization of their color characteristics and fastness properties. The color strength (K/S value) has been found to be very good in all dyed woolen yarn samples. The color fastness with respect to light exposure, washing and rubbing was quite satisfactory for both henna as well as madder dyed samples. Henna leaves extract was found very effective against Candida glabrata both in solution as well as after application on wool substrate but no antifungal activity is reported in case of madder both in solution as well as on wool substrate

Secure and Efficient Distributed Relay-Based Rekeying Algorithm for Group Communication in Mobile Multihop Relay Network

In mobile multihop relay (MMR) networks, Relay multicast rekeying algorithm (RMRA) is meant to ensure secure multicast communication and selective updating of keys in MMR networks. However, in RMRA, the rekeying is carried out after a specific interval of time, which cannot ensure the security for multicast communication on joining the member. Secondly, the rekeying scheme generates a huge communication overhead on the serving multihop relay base station (MR-BS) on frequent joining of members. Lastly, there is nothing about when a member left the group communication. Thus, the rekeying scheme of RMRA fails to provide forward and backward secrecy and also is not scalable. To solve this problem, an improved rekeying scheme based on broadcasting a new seed value on joining and leaving of a member for updating the ongoing key management is proposed. The proposed scheme solves the issue of forward and backward secrecy and the scalability in a very simplified way. The forward and backward secrecy of the proposed scheme has been extensively validated by formal method using rank theorem. Furthermore, mathematical derivation showed that the proposed scheme out-performed the RMRA in terms of communication cost and complexity

Phase Transformations in Heterogeneous Steels

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D61121 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Exploring the Usability of the Pakistani Medical Colleges/Universities Websites

Websites have a great role in the field of internet. Usability has also a precious value in navigating the websites. The objective of this paper is exploring the usability of Pakistani Medical Colleges/Universities and providing the idea of developing the websites in such a way that it fulfilled the user requirements and are easy for the user in using/accessing these sites. Different parameters were checked regarding the usability in the websites of different Medical Colleges/Universities in Pakistan. It was analyzed that these Colleges/ Universities have some gaps in light of usability not following the rules. The usability of can be enhanced by applying the one fixed rule for every aspect so that the user can meet every task easily with no boring exertion and perplexity. The rules should be from government side limiting the sites to be restrictive to these rules entertaining the every type of user

Generalized Ideal Gas Equations for Structureful Universe

We have derived generalized ideal gas equations for a structureful universe consisting of all forms of matters. We have assumed a universe that contains superclusters. Superclusters are then made of clusters. Each cluster can be further divided into smaller ones and so on. We have derived an expression for the entropy of such a universe. Our model is rather independent of the geometry of the intermediate clusters. Our calculations are valid for a non-interacting universe within non-relativistic limits. We suggest that structure formation can reduce the expansion rate of the universe.Comment: 5 pages, typographical errors removed, Two new equations i.e. eqs. (27) and (28) were added to elaborate an interesting result i.e. hierarchical structure effects the pressure and thermal energy of the universe considerably, We have slightly modified the abstract to incorporate the changes in the text, authers full first names are provide

Intelligent Algorithm for Efficient Use of Energy Using Tackling the Load Uncertainty Method in Smart Grid

In this paper, i am developing a unique optimization based real time inland load management algorithm that takes into account load ambiguity in order to minimize the energy payment for each residential user, as well as reduce the peak to average ratio to overcome the drawbacks in the stability of electrical grid. By categorizing the all residential load in different classes, i.e. must run, interruptible and uninterruptible appliances, i used the real time pricing scheme for load management. However, real time pricing creates the peak profiles when the energy demand is too high, that’s why i used the combination of real time pricing and inclining blocks rates model to improve the grid stability by reducing the peak to average ratio. A simulation results show that the proposed algorithm efficiently and effectively reduced the overall residential energy cost as well as peak to average ratio of our model for data provided