The Multiple Backdrops of Forest Management Initiatives in Ethiopia: A Review Paper

Forest is one of the most essential kinds of resources that human beings and other animals depend on. It regulates environmental and ecological changes in which soil, water; climate, rainfall etc are in the good existence in sustainable condition. Whether it is private or public property, forest is nationally and globally mutual treasure (Terefe, 2003).  In this regard, Ethiopia encompasses an extraordinary number of ecological zones with broad latitudinal and altitudinal ranges which enabled to harbors diverse flora and fauna. The country endowed resources is an issue of global importance as a center of genetic and agricultural diversity in particular for being host of rare species and high endemism (Girma, 2006; Lemenih et al., 2015). Despite the unique endemic nature, the continuous deterioration has become a serious threat to both the ecological systems and economic development in Ethiopia. These problems have been attributed directly or indirectly to the rapid declining of the country's forest cover which is associated with unsustainable forest use and management (Meron, 2010). Deforestation and the resulting environmental degradation is a major problem challenging food security, livelihood and sustainable development. Between 1955 and 1979, over 77 % of the country’s forested area disappeared and it continues to lose 8 % of its remaining forests annually (Winberg, 2010). To curb the depletion, different government regimes of Ethiopia  and other concerned  NGOs[1] have been making efforts to manage forests through initiatives including community forestry,  national forest priority areas, participatory forest management, carbon forestry and REDD[2]. However, valuable information on the contributions of the different forest management initiatives is scanty and not well-complied. Objective of the review paper The objective of this paper is to provide valuable information for scholars, policy makers and others thoroughly reviewing cases studies on backdrop of the different forest management initiatives in Ethiopia [1] Non-Government Organization [2] Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradatio

A Review Paper on: The Multi-Functional Implication of Integrated Watershed Management: The New Approach to Degraded Land Rehabilitation in Ethiopia

Land degradation is a major cause of Ethiopia’s low and declining agricultural productivity, persistent food insecurity and rural poverty. Above all, the degradation of the endowed natural resource is continuously affecting the productivity of the agricultural sector which is the backbone of the country’ economy. Therefore, to curb the situation, community based watershed management is being launched throughout the country in collaboration with government and other concerned bodies (Lakew et al., 2005; MaA, 2013; Gebregziabher, et al., 2016). In the past due to insufficient knowledge base, some misguided agricultural policies, coupled with a rapidly growing population, chronic poverty, and capricious rainfall have caused severe food security challenges for farm families and natural resource degradation. The present government taking lessons from the past, started community based integrated watershed management program removing all the shortcomings through the instrument of new policies for improved livelihood and living conditions of rural communities (Worku and Tripathi, 2015). The major advantages of community based integrated watershed management approaches are involvement of those most affected by the decision in all phases of the development of their watershed and holistic planning that addresses issues which extend across subject matter disciplines (biophysical, social, and economic sciences) and administrative boundaries like village, woreda etc.( Lakew et al., 2005). However, despite the government and other concerned bodies commitment to the implementation of this drastic new approach that leads to improvement of food security and a lessening of the dependence on food aid, to the scape of this paper, it was found the multi-functional implication of integrated watershed management is not well reviewed. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide valuable information for scholars, policy makers and others thoroughly reviewing cases studies in different parts of Ethiopia

Factors Affecting Local People Participation in Forest Managed for Carbon Sequestration: The Case of Mount Damota, Southern Ethiopia

The main purpose of this study is to examine factors affecting local people participation in forest managed for carbon sequestration in the case of Mount Damta of Southern Ethiopia.The data were collected through document analysis, field observation, focus group discussions, key informant interview and by surveying 146 randomly selected households. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic, participation index and binary logistic regression. The study indicated that the level of participation of the local people was low in terms of attending the selected activities of the four stages of the forest management.However,majority of respondents participated in implementation phase activities.The level of participation of the local people was found being determined byage, sex, family size;training and education positively while land holding size, wealth, a distance from the forest and membership in executive committee negatively.Therefore, further efforts have to be made to enable the local people active participants in all processes of the forest management project. Keywords: Forest Management, Local People Participation, Mount Damot

Supernatural Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious

Reality is always richer than anything one can dream ( Entrevista con Isabel Allende ). The supernatural is the realm beyond nature as it is ordinarily understood. Supernatural experiences often are described as miraculous, metaphysical, paranormal, mystical, transcendental, divine, and unusual. The Greek adjective, mystikos, refers to something that is secret or hidden. The English adjective, mystical, which is derived from the Greek, has been used to describe anything that is mysterious, mystifying, confusing, or occult. Furthermore, supernatural experiences of many kinds have traditionally been explained as the actions of gods, spirits, and demons from this realm (George 271). Certainly, the visible world is but a small part of the true world, and that one does not need to understand in order to believe

Relationship between perceived organizational support, job crafting, and job performance: A mediated model

Purpose: This study discusses perceived organizational support, job performance, and job crafting, and aims to determine the relationships between these variables with a mediated model. Methodology: In line with the purpose of the study, a literature review was first carried out and research hypotheses were developed based on both theoretical and empirical findings. The data required to test the hypotheses (222 data) were obtained from a company operating in the manufacturing sector in Konya (Turkey). Data were analyzed using the SPSS, AMOS, and PROCESS Macro software. Results: The analysis showed that perceived organizational support positively affects job crafting and job crafting positively affects job performance. Furthermore, job crafting was observed to have a mediating role in the effect of perceived organizational support on job performance. Conclusion: Perceived organizational support increases job performance both directly and indirectly. Therefore, the perception of support in the organization increases job crafting and ultimately job performance

Justice for employee voice: a dimensional analysis

This study aims to put forward whether distributive justice and procedural justice have a direct effect on the behaviour of voice and whether interactional justice has a moderating role on this effect. In order to evaluate the relations between variables, a survey technique is used and data were collected from 173 employees from a marble company in the city of Mugla (Turkey) with a convenience sampling method. In the test of hypotheses, regression analysis is used. The regression analysis was conducted via the Conditional Process Macro for SPSS developed by Andrew F. Hayes. The findings of the research showed that procedural justice affects employee voice positively and interactional justice has a moderating role in this effect. Additionally, as per the findings, it was seen that on the effect of procedural justice on employee voice, different levels of interactional justice have the same directional effect. Theoretical and practical implications were made by considering all the findings

People of Advanced Age Who Have either Ceased Driving or Have Never Driven at all

Background: A comparable number of advanced aged New Zealand Maori and non-Maori are either still driving, have decided to cease to drive or have never driven. However regardless of which ever group they may fall into there remains a high degree of independence. Method: Under the Transport, Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living and Screen II, Neighbourhood subsections questions were directed towards whether the sample group had ever driven, when they stopped driving and why they had decided to cease driving; were they able to get in/out of their car, have any problems obtaining groceries and difficulties in going to their shops. Methods of analysis included binomial logistic regression, chi-square lest for association, ordinal logistic regression analysis, Mann -Whitney U test, questionnaire and descriptive analysis.Results: Participants totalled 931 with 421 New Zealand Maori and 510 New Zealand Maori non-Maori.New Zealand Maori: New Zealand Maori aged between 83-86 years presented the highest figures for those found to be (still) driving. Overall New Zealand Maori females also had 1.028 times higher odds of having ever driven compared to that of New Zealand Maori males. Those that had ceased driving both New Zealand Maori males and females had made that decision more than twelve months ago (with the most notable number being 88 years of age). Despite a list of possible reasons for ceasing to drive it was personal motivation supplied by respondents that presented a more detailed/informative picture. Both male and female indicated that did get in and out of their car on the own or with difficulty. Of those that did not, it was New Zealand Maori females who made use of outside family members or external sources rather than close family/closer relations. New Zealand Maori males indicated that they either never or rarely had any problems in obtaining their groceries compared to the greater number of New Zealand Maori females. Primarily New Zealand Maori males and females indicated that transporting themselves to the shops was not a problem for them. New Zealand Maori males also walked, were as New Zealand Maori females obtained help. Reasons given for any complications New Zealand Maori males highlighted lack of public transport while New Zealand Maori females said it was due to their health.New Zealand non-Maori: Similarly, the results of New Zealand non-Maori females also offered greater numbers in those who either continued or had ceased driving. Of those who had stopped driving both New Zealand non-Maori males and females had also made that decision more than twelve months ago. Likewise, with personal incentives being the prime cause behind their decision. New Zealand non-Maori also indicated that they could get in and out of their car on their own or with difficulty. However, some males did go on to say that they did utilise family or household members; whereas females made use of outside help. A lack of transport was particularly identified by the New Zealand non-Maori males when asked about problem in obtaining groceries. Both New Zealand non-Maori males and females expressed health concerns as being their prime reason for having difficulty in getting to their shops. However, females also indicated a feeling of being unsafe, inadequate footpaths and or public transport.Conclusion: Ceasing to drive primarily resulted through personal motivation with the decision being made generally more than twelve months ago. Continued transportation of themselves to required destinations was not a problem but respondents did indicate possible consequences such as health, lack of public transport facilities, inadequate amenities and unsafe environment

Relationship between Person–Environment Fit Types and Turnover Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model

In this study, drawing on Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory, we tested a moderated mediation model that investigates person–organization (PO) fit as the mediator and per- son–job (PJ) fit as the moderator in the relationship between person–supervisor (PS) fit and turnover intention. Data were collected from 232 bank employees in Turkey by using a survey method. Consistent with hypothesized conceptual scheme, results showed that PO fit mediated the relationship between PS fit and turnover intention. Furthermore, moderated mediation results indicate that PJ fit not only moderated the relationship between PS fit and PO fit but also reinforced the indirect effect of PS fit on turnover intention (via PO fit). We argue that indirect effect of PS fit on turnover intention through PO fit was stronger for employees with high job fit than for employees with low job fit. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed

Government Policy on Transport Options Directed towards the Advanced Age

Background: Response was noteworthy by both gender and cultural grouping New Zealand Maori and non-Maori to the question of transport options for older people.Method: Respondents were asked to rate government policy along a scale of very unhappy-to- very happy. These results were then analysed using ordinal logistic regression, Mann Whitney U test and descriptive analysis.Results: Participants totalled 931 with 421 New Zealand Maori and 510 New Zealand Maori non-Maori.New Zealand Maori: Within the three age categories (83-86, 87-89 & 90-93) it was New Zealand Maori males aged between 87-89 years followed by 83-86 years who indicated that they were predominantly happy or neither happy/unhappy with government policy. Males aged between 90-93 years were also very happy or had a marginal view of the legislation. For New Zealand Maori females instead a comparable number of those aged between 83-86 years view indicated that they either very happy to being neither happy or unhappy with the policy. Whereas for the next age grouping (87-89 years) their opinion reduced slightly to those who were either happy or neither happy/unhappy. A position similarly held by New Zealand Maori females aged 90 years plus.New Zealand non-Maori: Both New Zealand non-Maori male and female results demonstrated a similar pattern with them being mainly happy with the legislation, then neither happy or unhappy to being very happy. Conclusion: Generally it could be said that results from both New Zealand Maori and non-Maori were relatively impartial towards government transport legislation sitting either on the fence or just slightly above