Informal Land Titles: Snowden v Baker (1844)

Snowden v Baker (1844) concerned the judicial recognition of informal land titles. This article compares the treatment of this broad question in Newfoundland and New South Wales, with Snowden v Baker.In Newfoundland and New South Wales, informal titles gained legal recognition. This happened in Newfoundland through judicial creativity, including statutory interpretation. In New South Wales, the formal law was applied more strictly, but was softened when commissioners were appointed to assess whether Crown discretion should be exercised in favour of those dispossessed due to informality.Both methods were used in New Zealand, where the informal titles of British settlers derived from sales by Māori land owners. Titles purchased from Māori owners were declared null and void unless based on Crown grants. As in New South Wales, commissioners were appointed to advise whether such grants should be made. In Snowden v Baker, Martin CJ used statutory interpretation to take a further step, by holding that titles derived from Māori sales had a contingent validity until affirmed or denied by the Crown

Law Reports from a Non-Colony and a Penal Colony: The Australian Manuscript Decisions of Sir Francis Forbes as Chief Justice of Newfoundland

The author reports on the existence and contents of a manuscript copy of a selection of judgments by Sir Francis Forbes while he was Chief Justice of Newfoundland from 1817-1822. The manuscript found its way into the State Library of New South Wales sometime after Forbes\u27 translation to New South Wales as its first Chief Justice in 1823. The author comments on the insights these manuscript reports afford of the early legal history of Newfoundland as it developed into a British colony. In particular, he draws attention to the significance of twenty-nine judgments in the manuscript but not available in any published series of case reports

Characterization of a gp130 Signaling Receptor Polymorphism

We previously reported an association between human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) seroprevalence and increased prostate cancer risk among men on the Caribbean island of Tobago. More recently, we have found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-6 gp130 signaling receptor at position 148 associated with increased prostate cancer risk among HHV-8 seropositive men. The high risk genotype (Gly) was associated with increased prostate cancer risk among HHV-8 seropositive men (OR= 3.1) compared to the low risk genotype (Arg). This research aims to further explore the effect of this SNP on gp130 function. The gp130 genotype at position 148 was determined in lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCLs) derived from Tobago men (representing high and low risk genotypes) and two prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU 145; high risk and low risk respectively). Growth curves were performed by Dr. Jill Henning for LCLs by using 25ng/mL of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-11 (IL-11), or Oncostatin M (OSM). It was discovered that IL-6 had an effect on the growth of LCLs, but IL-11 and OSM did not. I repeated growth curves on LCLs using a concentration of 10ng/mL, and found that there was still a difference in growth at this lower concentration. Levels of phosphorylated STAT3 were measured on cells treated with 10 or 100ng/mL IL-6, IL-11, or OSM for various times (2-60 minutes). Comparative IL-6-mediated downstream signaling between the two genotypes was analyzed in LCLs at 10 minutes post-treatment using the JAK/STAT Pathway PCR Array Plates (SABiosciences, Valencia, CA), and the Human IL-6 Pathway PCR Array Plates (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). LCLs homozygous for the high-risk gp130 genotype grew significantly faster compared to LCLs homozygous for the low-risk genotype in response to IL-6 but not IL-11 or OSM. LCLs homozygous for both high-risk gp130 genotype as well as LCLs homozygous for the low-risk genotype both showed activation of STAT3 in response to IL-6 by 10 minutes post-treatment. DU 145 (low-risk genotype) cells showed STAT3 activation following IL-6 treatment while PC3 (high-risk genotype) failed to show any STAT3 activation even after 1hr of IL-6 treatment. Both cell lines showed STAT3 activation after OSM treatment while neither line showed activation following IL-11 treatment. RT-PCR analyses of JAK/STAT pathway genes and IL-6 pathway genes in LCLs following IL-6 treatment showed differential gene regulation between genotypes. For example, using the IL-6 pathway plates, the high-risk genotype showed a down-regulation of TP53BP2 (apoptosis stimulating protein of p53-2), while the low-risk genotype showed an up-regulation of this gene. This protein is known to inhibit cell growth and stimulate apoptosis, and is frequently suppressed in human cancers. This differential gene regulation of TP53BP2 is one example of a gene that is differentially regulated between the high- and low-risk genotypes. These data suggest that the G148R SNP of gp130 is involved in cell proliferation mediated by IL-6 downstream signaling. The public health relevance observed by these results suggests that the resulting genotypes in the G148R polymorphism exhibit different biological affects upon treatment with cytokines that utilize the gp130 signaling receptor. The high-risk genotype could result in an increase in inflammation, which could ultimately contribute to the development or advancement of prostate cancer

Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of 1,3-S,O-Esters, α-Phosphonovinyl Triflates, and α-Alkynylphosphonates

A broad and systematic study was conducted on synthetic methods to efficiently synthesize 1,3-S,O-esters, α-phosphonovinyl triflates, and α-alkynylphosphonates under mild reaction conditions. The master’s thesis is composed of two projects; the first project is titled “Synthesis of 1,3-S,O-Esters” and the second project is titled “Synthesis of α-Phosphonovinyl Triflates and α-Alkynylphosphonates.” The first project outlines a synthetic route to conveniently prepare novel α-functionalized 1,3-S,O-esters via an acid-promoted hydrolysis of α-functionalized α-oxoketene dimethylthioacetals. The second project, unrelated to the first project, primarily focuses on extensive synthetic methodology developed to prepare novel β-functionalized α-phosphonovinyl triflates and display their synthetic application by performing a base-promoted β-elimination to produce β-functionalized α-alkynylphosphonates

Colin Powell\u27s 2000 keynote address: Compassionate conservatism in an age of cynicism

Colin Powell faced significant rhetorical challenges when he delivered his keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, including the existing political atmosphere and public sentiment, the political implications of a Republican victory, the influence of technology on campaign rhetoric, and audience attitude toward him. Despite rhetorical identification as a significant part of our national conversation and one of the few convention events receiving significant media coverage, little analysis has been generated on the keynote address. This study attempts to fill a gap and influence future research on a communicative act that has undergone, and may continue to undergo, significant changes. Bitzer\u27s notion of rhetorical situation is the underlying theory guiding this study. Within the context of the 2000 presidential campaign, the constituents of exigence, audience, and constraints are defined. Those key to General Powell\u27s keynote address are identified

Kann man Wahlaussagen verstehen? : Über die Sprache der Parteiprogramme zur Bundestagswahl 2009

Die Sprache der Politik hat nicht den besten Ruf. Als Ergebnis von innerparteilichen Expertenrunden entstehen oft Texte in einer von Bürokratismen durchzogenen Fachsprache. Unverständlich vor allem für die, an die sie gerichtet sind: die Wähler. Wie ist es konkret um die Verständlichkeit der Wahlprogramme 2009 bestellt? Eine Analyse