Foreign Aid

While foreign aid is generally thought of as a positive means to help the poor, in many areas it may do more harm than good. This presentation will provide a review of literature that focuses on the effects of foreign aid on developing economies. This presentation will highlight some harmful examples of global foreign aid by highlighting these examples in several different countries. First, the presentation will discuss the history and development of America’s foreign aid. Secondly, the presentation will highlight the positive and negative effects of foreign policies. Third, the presentation will consider a more recently developed form of foreign aid through supporting locally owned business in developing countries. Lastly, we will emphasize the importance of empowering communities through evidence-based foreign aid practice and provide information on ways to get personally involved

Chartism /

Bound in marbled paper boards; brown leather shelfback and corners, stamped in gold; black leather label on spine; all edges speckled. Title on spine: Omnium gatherum.Kent, James, 1763-1847. A course of reading ... for the use of the members of the Mercantile library association. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1840. [1]-69 [1]p.Channing, William Ellery, 1780-1842. Emancipation. Boston: Published by E.P. Peabody, 1840. [i]-iv [5]-111 [1]p. This work was suggested by the author's reading of Gurney's "Familiar letters to Henry Clay."Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, 1795-1854. The Athenian captive: a tragedy in five acts. New York: J. & H.G. Langley, 1838. 3 p.ℓ. [viii-xi] [1]-81 [1]p.With this are bound the following works: Refutation of the misstatements and calumnies contained in Mr. Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart., repsecting the Messrs. Ballantyne, by the Trustees and son of the late Mr. James Ballantyne. From the second London edition. Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1838. [i-vi] [7]-108p.First American edition. Dyer, Carlyle, p. 52.Mode of access: Internet

A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee

Many clinical trials have evaluated the benefit of long-term use of antiplatelet drugs in reducing the risk of clinical thrombotic events. Aspirin and ticlopidine have been shown to be effective, but both have potentially serious adverse effects. Clopidogrel, a new thienopyridine derivative similar to ticlopidine, is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. METHODS: CAPRIE was a randomised, blinded, international trial designed to assess the relative efficacy of clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) and aspirin (325 mg once daily) in reducing the risk of a composite outcome cluster of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death; their relative safety was also assessed. The population studied comprised subgroups of patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease manifested as either recent ischaemic stroke, recent myocardial infarction, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Patients were followed for 1 to 3 years. FINDINGS: 19,185 patients, with more than 6300 in each of the clinical subgroups, were recruited over 3 years, with a mean follow-up of 1.91 years. There were 1960 first events included in the outcome cluster on which an intention-to-treat analysis showed that patients treated with clopidogrel had an annual 5.32% risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death compared with 5.83% with aspirin. These rates reflect a statistically significant (p = 0.043) relative-risk reduction of 8.7% in favour of clopidogrel (95% Cl 0.3-16.5). Corresponding on-treatment analysis yielded a relative-risk reduction of 9.4%. There were no major differences in terms of safety. Reported adverse experiences in the clopidogrel and aspirin groups judged to be severe included rash (0.26% vs 0.10%), diarrhoea (0.23% vs 0.11%), upper gastrointestinal discomfort (0.97% vs 1.22%), intracranial haemorrhage (0.33% vs 0.47%), and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (0.52% vs 0.72%), respectively. There were ten (0.10%) patients in the clopidogrel group with significant reductions in neutrophils (< 1.2 x 10(9)/L) and 16 (0.17%) in the aspirin group. INTERPRETATION: Long-term administration of clopidogrel to patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease is more effective than aspirin in reducing the combined risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death. The overall safety profile of clopidogrel is at least as good as that of medium-dose aspirin