2-hour cumulative recovery of lactate, fructose and glucose from C and glucose and fructose from G during 90 minutes of steady state exercise at 62% VO₂max followed by an 86% VO₂max effort until volitional fatigue.

<p>Total recovery was calculated as the sum of the cumulative recovery. Data are means±SE. * significantly different from C-glu, G-glu, G-fru (p<0.01). † significantly different from C-fru (p<0.01).</p

Time-course of CO₂ production (¹³CO₂ appearance in expired air) while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three C trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. * significantly different from G-glu (p<0.05). † significantly different from all other substrates (p<0.05). ‡ G-glucose significantly different from C-lac (p<0.05). Data are means. SE were omitted for the sake of clarity.</p

Time to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max after 90 minutes of cycling at 62% of VO₂max while drinking either C or G.

<p>C is the mean±SE of three trials. G is the mean±SE of two trials. Five trials total were carried out in random order. Time to exhaustion while drinking C was significantly longer (6.5±0.8 min) than while drinking G (5.2±1.0, p = 0.05).</p

Time-course of blood glucose concentration while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three C trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. Because no differences existed between trials, the data from the three C trials and two G trials were averaged. Data are means±SE. No difference existed between drinks. * significantly different from rest (p<0.05).</p

Time-course of blood lactate while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three C trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. Because no differences existed between trials, the data from the three C trials and two G trials were averaged. Data are means±SE. No difference existed between drinks. * significantly different from rest. For beverage G, only 5, 10, & 15 min time points significantly different from rest. For C, all time points indicated are different from rest. † significantly different from steady state exercise (p<0.05). ‡ significantly different from blood lactate during HI (p<0.05).</p

Time-course of the cumulative recovery of ¹³CO₂ in expired air while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three C trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. § cumulative recovery of lactate different from cumulative recovery from G-glu (p<0.05). ¥ cumulative recovery lactate different from cumulative recovery from glucose from both drinks (p<0.01). * cumulative recovery different from cumulative recovery from glucose from both drinks and fructose from G (p<0.01). † cumulative recovery different from cumulative recovery from glucose and fructose from both drinks (p<0.05). ‡ time point different from all other time points (p<0.01). Data are means±SE.</p

Time-course of respiratory exchange ratio (RER = VCO₂/VO₂) while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three C trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. Because no differences existed between trials, the data from the three C trials and two G trials were averaged. Data are means±SE. No difference existed between drinks. * significantly different from rest (p<0.05). † significantly different from steady state exercise with the exception of minutes 5 and 10 (p<0.05). ‡ significantly different from HI (p<0.05).</p

Subject characteristics.

<p>Subject characteristics.</p

Time-course of VO₂ (L/min) while exercising at 62% for 90 minutes followed by exercise to exhaustion at 86% of VO₂max during three CytoMax (C) trials and two G trials.

<p>The three C trials and two G trials were randomly ordered. Because no differences existed between trials, the data from the three C trials and two G trials were averaged. Data are means±SE. No difference existed between drinks. * significantly different from rest (p<0.01). † significantly different from steady state exercise (p<0.01). ‡ significantly different from VO₂ during HI (p<0.05).</p

Additional file 1: of Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT)

Supplementary information