Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Localization of Polystyrene Particles on the Surface of Poly(<i>N</i>‑isopropylacrylamide-<i>co</i>-methacrylic acid) Microgels Prepared by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene

Composite microgels with polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of pH- and temperature-responsive poly­(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide-<i>co</i>-methacrylic acid) microgels as seeds. In particular, the core microgels maintained their swelled state as the pH was increased to 10 during seeded emulsion polymerization conducted at an elevated temperature. Furthermore, we tuned the swelling degree of the core microgels at pH 10 by changing the amount of methacrylic acid incorporated during the synthesis of the core microgels. Unlike deswollen microgels, during the seeded emulsion polymerization, the swollen microgels were covered with a monolayer of non-close-packed polystyrene particles on their surface, as confirmed by electron microscopy. A possible mechanism for the seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of swollen microgels under alkaline conditions is proposed

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Seeded Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Water-Swollen Hydrogel Microspheres

In a previous study, we have ascertained that the charge distribution in hydrogel microspheres (microgels) plays a crucial role in controlling the nanocomposite structure of the polystyrene obtained from the seeded emulsion polymerization (SEP) of styrene in the presence of microgels. However, all these polymerizations were conducted at high temperature, where most of these microgels were dehydrated and deswollen. In the present study, we initially verified that the nanocomposite microgels can be synthesized even when the seed microgels are swollen and hydrated during the SEP of styrene. These highly swollen microgels were used as the nucleation sites for the polystyrene, and subsequently the propagation of the hydrophobic polystyrenes proceeded within water-swollen microgels

Additional file 1: of Immature morphological properties in subcellular-scale structures in the dentate gyrus of Schnurri-2 knockout mice: a model for schizophrenia and intellectual disability

Figure S1. Analysis area of the middle molecular layer of the dorsal DG for SBF-SEM imaging. (a) A schematic of the sampling area (red square) at a distance of approximately 100 μm from the upper blade of the granule cell layer. OML, outer molecular layer; MML, middle molecular layer; IML, inner molecular layer; GCL, granule cell layer. (b) Boxed regions indicate the tissue area sampled used for detailed morphological analyses in the dendrites in three WT mice and three Shn2 KO mice. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure S2. Three-dimensional reconstruction of all dendrites for analysis in WT mice. Dendrite segments (white transparent) are illustrated with mitochondria (blue) and spines (head, orange; neck, green; PSD, magenta). Eight dendrites per each of three WT mice. Figure S3. Three-dimensional reconstruction of all dendrites for analysis in Shn2 KO mice. Dendrite segments (white transparent) are illustrated with mitochondria (blue) and spines (head, orange; neck, green; PSD, magenta). Eight dendrites per each of three Shn2 KO mice. Figure S4. Decreased expression levels of synaptic proteins in the DG of Shn2 KO mice (a–i) Bar graphs of SV2, GluR1, and PSD95 in the inner (a–c) and outer (d–f) molecular layers of the DG, and CA1 radiatum layer (d–f) represent fluorescence intensity normalized to that of WT mice, and are presented as the mean ± SEM. IML, inner molecular layer; OML, outer molecular layer; Rad, radiatum layer. For WT, n = 4 mice; for Shn2 KO, n = 4 mice. The P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test. Figure S5. Volumetric comparisons of mitochondria in WT and Shn2 KO mice. Comparison of mitochondria volume (a), mitochondria length (b), and mitochondria number per 1 μm of dendrite (c) in WT (n = 96 mitochondria from 24 dendrites, 8 dendrites per each of 3 mice) and Shn2 KO mice (n = 57 mitochondria from 24 dendrites, 8 dendrites per each of 3 mice). The P-values were calculated using Wilcoxon rank sum test. (DOC 8 mb

An Archaeal Homolog of Proteasome Assembly Factor Functions as a Proteasome Activator

<div><p>Assembly of the eukaryotic 20S proteasome is an ordered process involving several proteins operating as proteasome assembly factors including PAC1-PAC2 but archaeal 20S proteasome subunits can spontaneously assemble into an active cylindrical architecture. Recent bioinformatic analysis identified archaeal PAC1-PAC2 homologs PbaA and PbaB. However, it remains unclear whether such assembly factor-like proteins play an indispensable role in orchestration of proteasome subunits in archaea. We revealed that PbaB forms a homotetramer and exerts a dual function as an ATP-independent proteasome activator and a molecular chaperone through its tentacle-like C-terminal segments. Our findings provide insights into molecular evolution relationships between proteasome activators and assembly factors.</p> </div