A Method to Extract the Structural Strata and Elements of Landscape Using GIS

Analyzing the landscape with using large three-dimensional database is well noted as the new method. In applying the method, the measure to divide the database into several densities of data to adjust many places and to analyze in mainframe computer is in need. The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of dividing spaces into structural layer, which can be measured in its quantity._ The theoretical method to extract the landscape elements by the distance from the viewpoint has been recognized by the previous studies, which based on the human phenomenon philosophy. However, the quantities of distance, which defines the space as a whole environment around viewpoint is not yet applicable for practical design. Because, the quantities have not been clearly found to apply to the real space since, feelings of distance varies by personal image. The cause of differences are due to some factors such as physical factors including the topography, the vegetation, and the building surroundings. Furthermore, there are other factors for example, psychological and social._ In this study, the physically caused distance definition is to be cleared through the method to extract the structural strata and the elements of landscape._ As an initial analysis, the angle of gaze from viewpoint, based on human engineering, the heights of the layers were examined and clearly found. The relationship between the eyesight and the angle of gaze are analyzed. Secondly, the continuity of figure from viewpoint are measured. It applied the fifty meters mesh digital map, the topographic vector data, the aerial photograph, and the building form vector data, to the Geographic Information System; the SIS and the ArcGIS. It proved that three scale of view; the close, the distance, and the background divides the real landscape. With this result, the method to extract the structural strata are found._ Preliminary, the methodsÕ application was tried to real spaces for further analysis. The results encouraged the analysis of physical quantity related with the human image including the time-space, and the relationship between the view and the other sense, which are under processes._

A Method to Extract the Structural Strata and Elements of Landscape Using GIS

Analyzing the landscape with using large three-dimensional database is well noted as the new method. In applying the method, the measure to divide the database into several densities of data to adjust many places and to analyze in mainframe computer is in need. The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of dividing spaces into structural layer, which can be measured in its quantity._ The theoretical method to extract the landscape elements by the distance from the viewpoint has been recognized by the previous studies, which based on the human phenomenon philosophy. However, the quantities of distance, which defines the space as a whole environment around viewpoint is not yet applicable for practical design. Because, the quantities have not been clearly found to apply to the real space since, feelings of distance varies by personal image. The cause of differences are due to some factors such as physical factors including the topography, the vegetation, and the building surroundings. Furthermore, there are other factors for example, psychological and social._ In this study, the physically caused distance definition is to be cleared through the method to extract the structural strata and the elements of landscape._ As an initial analysis, the angle of gaze from viewpoint, based on human engineering, the heights of the layers were examined and clearly found. The relationship between the eyesight and the angle of gaze are analyzed. Secondly, the continuity of figure from viewpoint are measured. It applied the fifty meters mesh digital map, the topographic vector data, the aerial photograph, and the building form vector data, to the Geographic Information System; the SIS and the ArcGIS. It proved that three scale of view; the close, the distance, and the background divides the real landscape. With this result, the method to extract the structural strata are found._ Preliminary, the methodsÕ application was tried to real spaces for further analysis. The results encouraged the analysis of physical quantity related with the human image including the time-space, and the relationship between the view and the other sense, which are under processes.

The Regional Resources and Tourism Development in Developing Countries- a Case Study of Salt and Karak, Jordan

The paper discusses the initial field surveys to understand the conditions of tourism development and its perspectives of contribution towards regional development in developing countries. The case studies of Salt and Karak cities in Jordan are focused, where some international aid projects are under implementation. It is believed some clues for sustainable tourism development for the regional development, which may be referred to other regions, can be extracted. The reasons of focusing on Jordanian cases are the increasing potential and demand of tourism development in Middle East and an accessibility of information of existing master plan and ongoing projects supported through the ODA by Japanese government. The interview survey of party concerned and field survey carried out in 2005. Both cities were established and perished in 19th century that they inherited the historical resources such as Ottoman architecture and religious ruins. However, as same as many other local cities in the world, contemporary changes in social system such as governance, transportation, economic activities, and demography forced them into decline. Therefore, they are straggling to keep their sustainability through tourism development. Yet, their tourism resources are neither popular nor equipped to attract mass tourism from all over the world such as Petra, Madaba, and Dead Sea. As the intention of the study is to focus on the impacts of tourism development in the regional development that those less advantaged and in need of revitalization areas are picked up for case studies. The study will preliminary applies the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis for assessing the cities. Based on the results of analysis, some positive factors of tourism development in the regional development will be discussed. The findings may includes some aspects of tourism development measures such as utilization of available tourism resources, application of renovation and re-routing of existing tourism resources in order to make use of available resources and creation of network among them, provision of technical assistance from the outside including international aid agencies and NGOs, participation and ownership building of local residents in tourism development activities, and involvement of existing training institutions in the area

GIS-based Forecast of Landscape Changes with the Ito Land Readjustment Project

The purpose of the present research is to attempt consolidation of geographic information into the GIS regarding the Ito Land Readjustment Project presently being implemented in northern Kyushu in Japan, and forecast the landscape changes before/after comparison of the project. First, the topographic map, 50-meter mesh digital map (elevation), aerial photograph, land use map, project plan, land use zone plan, district plan, substitute lot plan and other geographic information of the project district were collected from various sources and systematized. Thereafter the data were aggregated using ArcGIS. Next, building and structure data before and after the project were prepared and height data of these buildings and structures were combined with the land elevation data. Then, the major view point fields in the district were selected, to examine the extent of the change of the visibility areas from these view point fields before and after the project. Moreover, focusing on the mountains in the visibility areas, we forecasted how much the visibility area of the mountains would decrease at each view point field after construction of the buildings and structures in the project implementation. Finally, we showed 3-D images of the project district using ArcScene, and investigated the extent of visibility of the mountain range sky line from each view point field as before/after comparison of the project.

Proving Tree Algorithms for Succinct Data Structures

Succinct data structures give space-efficient representations of large amounts of data without sacrificing performance. They rely on cleverly designed data representations and algorithms. We present here the formalization in Coq/SSReflect of two different tree-based succinct representations and their accompanying algorithms. One is the Level-Order Unary Degree Sequence, which encodes the structure of a tree in breadth-first order as a sequence of bits, where access operations can be defined in terms of Rank and Select, which work in constant time for static bit sequences. The other represents dynamic bit sequences as binary balanced trees, where Rank and Select present a low logarithmic overhead compared to their static versions, and with efficient insertion and deletion. The two can be stacked to provide a dynamic representation of dictionaries for instance. While both representations are well-known, we believe this to be their first formalization and a needed step towards provably-safe implementations of big data

GIS-based Forecast of Landscape Changes with the Ito Land Readjustment Project

The purpose of the present research is to attempt consolidation of geographic information into the GIS regarding the Ito Land Readjustment Project presently being implemented in northern Kyushu in Japan, and forecast the landscape changes before/after comparison of the project. First, the topographic map, 50-meter mesh digital map (elevation), aerial photograph, land use map, project plan, land use zone plan, district plan, substitute lot plan and other geographic information of the project district were collected from various sources and systematized. Thereafter the data were aggregated using ArcGIS. Next, building and structure data before and after the project were prepared and height data of these buildings and structures were combined with the land elevation data. Then, the major view point fields in the district were selected, to examine the extent of the change of the visibility areas from these view point fields before and after the project. Moreover, focusing on the mountains in the visibility areas, we forecasted how much the visibility area of the mountains would decrease at each view point field after construction of the buildings and structures in the project implementation. Finally, we showed 3-D images of the project district using ArcScene, and investigated the extent of visibility of the mountain range sky line from each view point field as before/after comparison of the project

Bright and highly valley polarized trions in chemically doped monolayer MoS₂

We demonstrate the effect of p-type dopant F₄TCNQ molecular adsorption on the photoluminescence (PL) and valley polarization properties of trions in monolayer (1L) MoS₂ at 15 K using a spatial PL mapping method. Trion PL intensity considerably increased after the treatment, which was attributed to the extended trion nonradiative lifetime (~70 ps). Trion valley polarization as high as 0.75 showed a negligible decrease after the chemical treatment, as is the manifestation of a long trion valley lifetime of more than nanoseconds order. The results suggest that this method will be useful for future optovalleytronics applications of these materials

Polarized Raman spectroscopy on topological semimetal Co₃Sn₂S₂

We present polarized Raman spectroscopy of the topological semimetal Co3Sn2S2, which was recently shown to host a Weyl semimetal phase. Stokes Raman spectra were obtained with the incident light parallel to the c-axis of Co3Sn2S2. Two major phonon Raman peaks were observed at 289 and 386 cm(-1) over continuous background emission signals. The intensity of the low-wavenumber (289 cm(-1)) peak showed no polarization dependence. The high-wavenumber (386 cm(-1)) peak and the continuous background signal were strongly polarized in the incident light polarization direction. These responses were almost independent of the in-plane crystal orientation to the incident polarization, as is the manifestation of the D3d$${D}_{3d}$$ point group symmetry of the unit cell of Co3Sn2S2. According to the group theory and Raman tensor analyses, the low- and high-wavenumber Raman signals are attributed to Gamma point phonon modes with Eg$${E}_g$$ and A1g$${A}_{1g}$$ symmetries, respectively. Furthermore, line shape analyses revealed that the high-wavenumber A1g$${A}_{1g}$$ mode exhibited asymmetric peak feature well described by the Breit-Wigner-Fano function. These results suggest the Fano resonance between the A1g$${A}_{1g}$$ phonon scattering with the continuous electronic background associated with low energy excitations near the Fermi energy. The clarified phonon energies and symmetries, as well as the electronic contribution to the Raman scattering, will not only be useful as a fingerprint to readily verify the experimentally grown or theoretically calculated crystal structure but also suggest importance of Raman spectroscopy as an effective tool to study low energy excitations and their interactions in Co3Sn2S2

閩北普度與目連戯 : 中國初期演劇史初探

中國戯劇史上， 超度孤魂的釋道普度儀式可以看作“戯劇”（悲劇）的起源。 從宗敎史的角度來看，這種普度儀式是五代北宋以後纔成立的。 目前道藏裡含有一些兩宋間普度科儀書。 其中有古老的一種，叫做『黄籙九幽醮無碍夜齋次第』，宋闕名撰。 但此書所流傳的地域，仍未能知。 未能了解其社會背景。 不過，新加坡福州籍道士所擧行的中元普度科儀，其結構，科儀内容很相似於『黄籙九幽醮無碍夜齋次第』所述的情況。 本文依據此類似性，擬研討宗敎史、戯劇史上的若干問題。 如下：（1）　福州道士普度，其“地獄”之佈置，科儀書之字句等，到處可見與宋代『黄籙九幽醮』相同相似之處。由此可以推斷其承流於宋代黄籙九幽醮。 （2）　莆田僧侶普度，尤其是“破獄”系儀式，也可見有一些與『黄籙九幽醮』〈破獄〉類似之處。可以推想其受影響於宋代黄籙九幽醮。 （3）　福州普度科儀和莆田目連戯，開場淨棚時，無不有演出田都元帥咒或跳舞。田都元帥很可能是年輕英靈殤魂之一。英魂是宋代黄籙九幽醮最重視的。由此似乎可説，閩北田都元帥表演也會継承傳統於宋代黄籙九幽醮。 （4）　閩北目連戯是全國著名的。尤其是莆田仙游目連戯保留普度儀式中“目連破獄”科儀之面目。宗敎性很濃厚，還離不開宗敎儀式。福州道士普度科儀，雖然沒有“目連破獄”之表演，但在地獄佈置之中，掛出目連晝像，或目連見母的晝兒。可見也有目連破獄的觀念。由此可知，閩北目連戯是在宋代以來黄籙九幽醮之傳統之中，發展出來的。 目前目連戯劇本，除了明代鄭之珍本之外，有好幾種地方性劇本，如浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、福建等々名本。 其中，閩北莆田本保留着比較古老的因素。 有些學人認爲，莆田本屬於南宋古南戯本系統。 本文從宗教環境的角度來，提出閩北目連上戯的古老性