The impact of the global economy: An analysis of foreign language study in the United States.

An examination of global forces helps us to understand how school curricula in a nation are shaped. This emphasis on global forces is important especially when we deal with foreign languages as a school subject, because the study of foreign languages, unlike other school subjects, is more likely to be influenced by world political and economic situations. This study is designed to examine what impact the emergence of the new economic order, or global economy, has brought on language study in the United States. The impact of economic transformation will be measured by analyzing language enrollments at various educational levels, state and federal educational language policies, and U.S. corporate attitudes towards the value of language competence

Contrastive Rhetoric of Japanese and English Writing: Inductive and Deductive

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Reliability consideration of a mobile communication system with network congestion

AbstractHigh quality traffic for networks is urgently needed for mobile communication systems. Mobile stations frequently become unavailable due to communication errors generated by network congestion. Traffic congestion in a network system may occur intermittently and continue for a length of time, sometimes causing communication errors. If congestions happens during communication, communication errors occur and the communication is rejected. This paper considers the problem of reliability in mobile communication systems during congestion by using a recovery scheme. We formulate a stochastic model of a mobile communication system which consists of mobile stations, several base stations and a switching center. When communication errors occur, the system makes a rollback recovery and returns to the recent checkpoint. We derive the mean time to take checkpoint and the expected number of rollback recoveries, handoff, and successful transmissions until communication errors occur. Further, we calculate the expected costs and discuss ways to minimize the costs by analyzing the optimal checkpoint intervals