Japanese black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus japonicus</i>).

<p>The species is distributed throughout broadleaved deciduous forests in central Japan.</p

Estimation of Japanese black-bear-created canopy gap size using hemispherical photographs and Gap Light Analyzer (v2.0) software (Frazer, Canham & Lertzman 1999).

<p>Estimation of Japanese black-bear-created canopy gap size using hemispherical photographs and Gap Light Analyzer (v2.0) software (Frazer, Canham & Lertzman 1999).</p

Estimation of Japanese black-bear-created canopy gap size using hemispherical photographs and Gap Light Analyzer (v2.0) software (Frazer, Canham & Lertzman 1999).

<p>Estimation of Japanese black-bear-created canopy gap size using hemispherical photographs and Gap Light Analyzer (v2.0) software (Frazer, Canham & Lertzman 1999).</p

Fleshy-fruited plants with fruits and without fruits in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

<p>Fleshy-fruited plants with fruits and without fruits in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).</p

Species composition of fleshy-fruited plants in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

<p>Species composition of fleshy-fruited plants in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps and closed canopies of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).</p

rPPFD in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps (solid bars) and closed canopies (open bars) of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

<p>Each box represents an interquartile range, and the vertical line inside the box indicates the median. The whiskers extend to the lowest and highest values below and above the first and third quartile, respectively, excluding outliers. Circles represent outliers that are between 1.5 and 3.0 times the interquartile range.</p

Bear shelves known as ‘Kuma-dana’ in Japanese.

<p>These shelves are made of branches of Japanese white oak (<i>Quercus serrata</i>) (above) and Japanese Chestnut (<i>Castanea crenata</i>) (below) that are broken by Japanese black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus japonicus</i>).</p

Results of null and best models selected from all generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) on the effects of canopy disturbances by Japanese black bears, size of black-bear-created gaps, relative photosynthetic photon flux density (rPPFD), forest layers, and life form of any fleshy-fruited plants on the fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants found beneath Mongolian oaks (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

<p>Woody liana was used as a reference life-form category</p><p>ns:</p><p><i>p</i> ≥ 0.05,</p><p>*:<i>p</i> < 0.05,</p><p>**:<i>p</i> < 0.01,</p><p>***:<i>p</i> < 0.001</p><p>Results of null and best models selected from all generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) on the effects of canopy disturbances by Japanese black bears, size of black-bear-created gaps, relative photosynthetic photon flux density (rPPFD), forest layers, and life form of any fleshy-fruited plants on the fruiting/non-fruiting of fleshy-fruited plants found beneath Mongolian oaks (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).</p

Rates of fruiting by fleshy-fruited plants (a) and plant species (b) in different forest layers beneath Japanese black-bear-created canopy gaps (solid bars) and closed canopies (open bars) of Mongolian oak (<i>Quercus crispula</i>).

<p>See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130956#pone.0130956.g006" target="_blank">Fig 6</a> for an explanation of the statistics indicated by the boxplots.</p

Phylogenetic tree of mitochondrial hyper variable region (HVR) sequences of family members.

<p>NJ method was used for construction of the phylogenetic tree, by bootstrap method with one thousand-time resampling. Outgroup is EF556173 (haplogroup L5). Every child was identified having the same sequence as his or her mother, meaning they are in a blood relation.</p