Raspetljavanje gordijskog čvora u proširenih obrazaca za tvorbu nazivlja

While it is true that phraseological units in legal discourse have received some attention in recent years, the fact remains that extended units of meaning (Sinclair 2004) have not been investigated sufficiently enough. This also applies to complex term-forming patterns (Biel 2014b), which “may be seen as frozen collocations due to their high structural stability” (Biel 2014b: 180). The paper thus examines extended term-forming patterns extracted from two comparable corpora of contracts by means of WordsmithTools 6.0 (Scott 2012) and accounts for their interpretation by consulting the extralinguistic context. The paper also attempts to propose a translation approach to such extended units of meaning, given the fact that some of their constituents are often specific either to a certain legal system or to an area other than law, thus calling for a complex interdisciplinary approach to the interpretation of such units. The paper may thus represent a useful resource for legal translator training since it reveals the patterning of terms in the genre of English and Croatian contracts.Frazeološke jedinice u pravnom žanru posljednjih su se godina podosta istraživale, ali činjenica jest da se proširenim jedinicama značenja (Sinclair 2004) još uvijek nije posvetilo dovoljno pozornosti. Ta se tvrdnja odnosi i na kompleksne obrasce za tvorbu nazivlja (Biel 2014b), koji se mogu smatrati „zamrznutim kolokacijama zbog svoje visoke strukturalne stabilnosti“ (Biel 2014b: 180). U ovom se radu istražuju prošireni obrasci za tvorbu nazivlja izvučeni iz dva usporediva korpusa ugovora s alatom WordsmithTools 6.0 (Scott 2012) te se tumače s pomoću izvanjezičnog konteksta. U radu se također nastoji predložiti pristup prevođenju takvim proširenim jedinicama značenja budući da su neki njihovi dijelovi nerijetko tipični za neki pravni sustav ili nepravno područje koje pravo regulira te kao takve zahtijevaju interdisciplinarni pristup. S obzirom na to da se u radu raspravlja o obrascima naziva u žanru hrvatskih i engleskih ugovora, rad može predstavljati koristan izvor u obuci pravnih prevoditelja

Raspetljavanje gordijskog čvora u proširenih obrazaca za tvorbu nazivlja

While it is true that phraseological units in legal discourse have received some attention in recent years, the fact remains that extended units of meaning (Sinclair 2004) have not been investigated sufficiently enough. This also applies to complex term-forming patterns (Biel 2014b), which “may be seen as frozen collocations due to their high structural stability” (Biel 2014b: 180). The paper thus examines extended term-forming patterns extracted from two comparable corpora of contracts by means of WordsmithTools 6.0 (Scott 2012) and accounts for their interpretation by consulting the extralinguistic context. The paper also attempts to propose a translation approach to such extended units of meaning, given the fact that some of their constituents are often specific either to a certain legal system or to an area other than law, thus calling for a complex interdisciplinary approach to the interpretation of such units. The paper may thus represent a useful resource for legal translator training since it reveals the patterning of terms in the genre of English and Croatian contracts.Frazeološke jedinice u pravnom žanru posljednjih su se godina podosta istraživale, ali činjenica jest da se proširenim jedinicama značenja (Sinclair 2004) još uvijek nije posvetilo dovoljno pozornosti. Ta se tvrdnja odnosi i na kompleksne obrasce za tvorbu nazivlja (Biel 2014b), koji se mogu smatrati „zamrznutim kolokacijama zbog svoje visoke strukturalne stabilnosti“ (Biel 2014b: 180). U ovom se radu istražuju prošireni obrasci za tvorbu nazivlja izvučeni iz dva usporediva korpusa ugovora s alatom WordsmithTools 6.0 (Scott 2012) te se tumače s pomoću izvanjezičnog konteksta. U radu se također nastoji predložiti pristup prevođenju takvim proširenim jedinicama značenja budući da su neki njihovi dijelovi nerijetko tipični za neki pravni sustav ili nepravno područje koje pravo regulira te kao takve zahtijevaju interdisciplinarni pristup. S obzirom na to da se u radu raspravlja o obrascima naziva u žanru hrvatskih i engleskih ugovora, rad može predstavljati koristan izvor u obuci pravnih prevoditelja

Migration Discourse in Croatian News Media

This paper investigates migration discourse in Croatian news media by combining corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis approach. It first focuses on the phraseological and grammatical context of the terms migrant, imigrant, izbjeglica and azilant, whereupon it investigates the background of such linguistic behaviour. The latter is examined by means of critical discourse analysis, hence, by taking into account the non-linguistic context. This includes the analysis of historical, cultural and political context or sometimes even the relevant case law and standards of protection guaranteed in international humanitarian and human rights law. Results of the study suggest that discrimination does not occur only in the most obvious acts of inhuman treatment, such as pushbacks, but also in the language the media use when reporting on migration process

Nazivlje „novoga normalnog”: korpusno utemeljeno istraživanje terminološke varijacije u zakonodavnim tekstovima EU-a u vezi s bolesti COVID-19

This paper provides a contrastive analysis of COVID-19-related EU legislative texts with emphasis on term variants. The analysis carried out on a parallel corpus consisting of English and Croatian texts has identified multiple examples of variation of predominately multi-word terms at several levels. These include orthographic and grammatical variants, unit shifts and denominative variants creating different meanings. The findings support other contemporary studies into variation within specialized language, highlighting the importance of studying variation to gain understanding about the dynamics of domain knowledge. By focusing on variation in a parallel corpus, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of variation in a newer EU official language, as opposed to English as the draft text of EU legislation.Ovaj rad temelji se na kontrastivnoj analizi zakonodavnih tekstova EU-a povezanih s bolešću koronavirusa s ciljem utvrđivanja terminološke varijacije. Analizom provedenom na paralelnom korpusu koji obuhvaća engleske i hrvatske tekstove iz različitih područja prava EU-a obuhvaćenih mjerama za suzbijanje koronavirusa utvrđena je varijacija na ortografskoj i gramatičkoj razini, kao i varijacija u obliku pomaka u jezičnoj jedinici (engl. unit shifts) i pomaka u značenju. Rezultati ovoga korpusnog istraživanja o varijaciji u jeziku struke stoga pružaju uvid ne samo u dinamiku specijaliziranoga znanja i nazivlja, već i u učestaliju varijaciju u hrvatskome jeziku kao novijem službenom jeziku EU-a, što može utjecati i na primjenu i tumačenje prava EU-a

EXTENDED MULTINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE CROATIAN LANGUAGE OF CONTRACTS

Višečlani izrazi često su bili predmet istraživanja znanstvenika i stručnjaka (Melinkoff 1963; Danet 1980; Gustafsson 1984; Bhatia 1993; Carvalho 2008; Bukovčan 2009; Gačić 2009; Hudeček et al. 2011), ali su se ona ponajviše odnosila na višečlane izraze kao takve ne uzimajući u obzir njihov širi kontekst (Sinclair 2004). Rad se stoga temelji na istraživanju proširenih višečlanih izraza u hrvatskom jeziku ugovora te upućuje na korisnost takvog istraživanja. U radu se analizira korpus obrazaca hrvatskih ugovora iz kojeg se alatima Concgram i Concordance programa za obradu korpusa WordSmith Tools 6.0. (Scott 2012) poluautomatski izvlače prošireni višečlani izrazi. Radom se nastoji i predložiti načine uspješnog tumačenja takvih izraza analizom izvanjezičnog konteksta.Multinomial expressions have thus far been on the agenda of many scholars interested in legal language (Melinkoff 1963; Danet 1980; Gustafsson 1984; Bhatia 1993; Carvalho 2008; Bukovčan 2009; Gačić 2009; Hudeček et al. 2011). However, they have usually been treated in isolation, i.e. without taking into account the wider context (Sinclair 2004). This paper therefore investigates the wider context of multinomial expressions in the Croatian language corpus of contracts and reports on its usefulness. The expressions are extracted from the corpus by means of WordSmith Tools 6.0. (Scott 2012), i.e. its tools Concgram and Concordance, which involves a semiautomatic analysis. The results reveal units that typically extend binomial expressions and we suggest ways of approaching their interpretation. We point to the fact that the Sinclairian wider-context-perspective can reveal both collocational patterns of multinomial expressions prescribed by statute law (e.g. prihvat prava i obveza) as well as the importance of pleonastic expressions for the language of law (e.g. isključiti sve prethodne usmene ili pismene dogovore). By focusing on extended multinomial expressions we suggest that some extensions are obligatory (e.g. zajednički dijelovi i uređaji), “thus rendering the basic binomial somewhat suspect as to its very existence” (Gabrovšek 2011: 24). Finally, we suggest that some of these multinomial expressions do represent doublets and may thus be reduced to single elements (e.g. nalaz i mišljenje)

Fair wear and tear: a look into the wider context of binominal expressions

U ovom se radu problematizira širi kontekst dvočlanih izraza u jeziku prava i nastoji ih se istražiti iz perspektive Sinclairovih proširenih jedinica značenja (Sinclair 2004). Stoga se u radu metodama korpusne analize istražuju koligacije, kolokacije, semantičke preferencije i semantička prozodija dvočlanih izraza u paralelnom korpusu engleskih i hrvatskih zakonodavnih tekstova iz područja europskog prava tržišnog natjecanja. Nastoji se ukazati na potrebu proširenja pojma kolokacijskih sveza i odmaka od poimanja baze kao jezične jedinice koja se sastoji od jedne riječi. Raspravlja se i o neslaganju kolokatora s jednom od sastavnica baze i prenošenju takvih netipičnih sveza u drugi jezik, kao i potrebi proširivanja dvočlanih izraza radi utvrđivanja njihove semantičke prozodije.This paper discusses nominal binomial expressions in legal language and investigates their wider context in order to determine if they can be classified as extended units of meaning (Sinclair 2004). The paper is based on a parallel corpus of English and Croatian legislative texts of the EU competition law designed for the purpose of the project “Training Action for Legal Practitioners: Linguistic Skills and Translation in EU Competition Law” (Ref: HT 4983). These binomial expressions have been extracted from the corpus by means of the Collocations function by using Sketchengine software. This paper begins with an analysis of the semantic relationship between the constituents of the extracted binomial expressions. It also investigates the reversibility of constituents in order to establish the degree of their formulaicity. Special focus is on the analysis of the parallel concordances of these nominal binomial expressions, which aids us in revealing their colligations, collocations, semantic preferences and semantic prosodies. The results suggest that binomial expressions can be considered as collocation bases, the wider context of which reveals their collocators. It is a common occurrence that these collocators collocate with only one of the base constituents, contributing to the foreignization (Venuti 1995) of both the original and its translation. In conclusion, a move from traditional investigations of binary collocations in the phraseology of both language for general and language for specific purposes should be taken into consideration, as well as the inclusion of adjectival and verbal binomial expressions in future research

TRANSLATION OF MULTINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS: TO WHAT EXTENT ARE DELETIONS ALLOWED?

Rad se temelji na istraživanju višečlanih izraza izvučenih iz korpusa obrazaca engleskih ugovora s pomoću programskog alata Wordsmith Tools 6.0. (Scott 2012). Analizom semantičkog odnosa između sastavnica engleskih višečlanih izraza nastoje se predložiti prijevodni ekvivalenti na hrvatskom jeziku. Pri istoznačnom je odnosu riječ o ponavljanju značenja zbog povijesnih ili fonoloških razloga ili žanrovskih konvencija, pa se u radu zauzima stajalište da se takvi izrazi u hrvatskome jeziku mogu svesti na manji broj sastavnica. U izraza u kojih je semantički odnos između sastavnica druge naravi (primjerice, komplementaran), potrebno je dobro proučiti širi i izvanjezični kontekst izraza da bi se utvrdilo može li se primijeniti isti stupanj redukcije ili je potrebno zadržati isti jezični niz i u ciljnom jeziku.This paper investigates multinomial expressions extracted from the corpus of English contract samples by means of Wordsmith Tools 6.0 (Scott 2012). By analysing the semantic relationship between the constituents of English multinomial expressions, the paper attempts to suggest translation equivalents in Croatian. If constituents are synonymous, motivation for such semantic repetition can be found in history, phonology or genre-related factors. Since these reasons do not apply in the target language, multinomial expressions can be reduced to a lesser number of constituents in Croatian. If multinomial expressions are motivated by other semantic reasons, such as contiguity or hyponymy, it is only rarely that we can omit one of their constituents. This is when we need to study the wider (Sinclair 2004) and the extralinguistic context to find out whether deletions are allowed (Šarčević 1997) or whether we have to retain the same word string in the target language. Results suggest that the language used in English contracts still tends to favour binomials proper (Kopaczyk 2009) despite the centuries-long urging for simplicity in legal language. As a result, we find many instances of doubling, which may be translated by means of single units into Croatian. Other multinomial expressions tend to be motivated by other semantic reasons, such as hyponymy, but, although a hyperonim encompasses the whole semantic field and includes the meaning of other constituents as well, we are not allowed to omit constituents, for they contribute to the all-inclusiveness and preciseness of legal language. Finally, by examining the wider context of these expressions, we can develop the most suitable translation equivalent, since very often it is the wider context that helps us reveal whether the order of constituents may be disrupted or needs to be retained

Nazivlje „novoga normalnog”: korpusno utemeljeno istraživanje terminološke varijacije u zakonodavnim tekstovima EU-a u vezi s bolesti COVID-19

This paper provides a contrastive analysis of COVID-19-related EU legislative texts with emphasis on term variants. The analysis carried out on a parallel corpus consisting of English and Croatian texts has identified multiple examples of variation of predominately multi-word terms at several levels. These include orthographic and grammatical variants, unit shifts and denominative variants creating different meanings. The findings support other contemporary studies into variation within specialized language, highlighting the importance of studying variation to gain understanding about the dynamics of domain knowledge. By focusing on variation in a parallel corpus, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of variation in a newer EU official language, as opposed to English as the draft text of EU legislation.Ovaj rad temelji se na kontrastivnoj analizi zakonodavnih tekstova EU-a povezanih s bolešću koronavirusa s ciljem utvrđivanja terminološke varijacije. Analizom provedenom na paralelnom korpusu koji obuhvaća engleske i hrvatske tekstove iz različitih područja prava EU-a obuhvaćenih mjerama za suzbijanje koronavirusa utvrđena je varijacija na ortografskoj i gramatičkoj razini, kao i varijacija u obliku pomaka u jezičnoj jedinici (engl. unit shifts) i pomaka u značenju. Rezultati ovoga korpusnog istraživanja o varijaciji u jeziku struke stoga pružaju uvid ne samo u dinamiku specijaliziranoga znanja i nazivlja, već i u učestaliju varijaciju u hrvatskome jeziku kao novijem službenom jeziku EU-a, što može utjecati i na primjenu i tumačenje prava EU-a