15 research outputs found
ΠΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Ρ HPLC ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. Π‘ΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½, Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΓ¨, Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡ Π·Π° HPLC, Waters Alliance (Waters corporation, USA), Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎ β ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ: ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΅Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π°, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π΅ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π». ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·, ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π° ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ², ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΈ Π΄Π²eΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄
Development and validation of HPLC method for content determination of Meloxicam in injections
The principal aim of this paper is to establish and validate a rapid, simple, and economical approach that employs high-pressure liquid chromatography, capable of routinely assessing the content of Meloxicam present in injections. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to meet the requirements outlined by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, as well as the specifications delineated in the contemporary editions of the internationally recognized pharmacopeias that pertain to the design and validation of analytical methodologies. The analytical methodology was performed with the utilization of a high-performance liquid chromatography system, Waters Alliance (Waters corporation, USA), consisting of a quadrupole pump, an e-2695 separation module, and an automatic sampler. The optimization of the detection wavelength was accomplished using the Waters 2489 UV/Vis detector and Empower 3 software was employed for data processing. Separation was achieved via the deployment of a LiChrospher 100, RP-18 (5 ΞΌm) column. The mobile phase used in the study consisted of a combination of Acetonitrile and ultrapure water, in a 60:40 ratio, respectively. The pH of the water component was subsequently adjusted to 3.1 with the addition of glacial acetic acid. This reversed-phase column approach, using an isocratic method, was then utilized for the successful validation of the analytical method. According to the obtained results, the developed analytical method exhibits accuracy and precision under consistent conditions over a limited period and on a single sample, as well as precision when conducted in the same laboratory on the same day by two analysts. Furthermore, the method is specific, linear across the range, and robust against variations in the ratio of the mobile phase components, the pH of the water in the mobile phase, and the flow rate. These findings support the utility and reliability of the developed methodology for the routine determination of Meloxicam content in injections. In conclusion, the reversed-phase column approach using an isocratic method proved to be a successful and robust analytical method for the determination of Meloxicam content in injections. This fast, simple, and cost-effective alternative offers a promising solution for the analysis of other related drugs with similar chemical properties. Furthermore, the simplicity and ease of application of this method offer significant advantages, as it does not require any special preparation of the working environment or prior training of the analyst. Thus, this method represents a valuable contribution to the field of pharmaceutical analysis, and it may facilitate the quality control of Meloxicam-containing products. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further development and optimization of analytical methods for the analysis of other drugs with similar properties, leading to better quality control and improved patient safety
Development and Validation of HPLC method for determination of Methylprednisolone aceponate in cream.
The validation results show that the method is
accurate, precise, robust, selective, and linear in the given
range. It is easily applicable because it does not require
complex sample preparation, or special preparation of the
working environment. Also, due to the easy availability of
the organic solvents used as a mobile phase, the method is
economically affordable. This method offers important
contribution to scientific knowledge and it can be
routinely used for content determination of MPA in MPA
cream
Development and Validation of HPLC method for determination of Methylprednisolone aceponate in cream
Methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), used as a potent topical glucocorticoid that treats various types of eczema and psoriasis. Compared to other glucocorticoids, MPA has high efficiency and reduced application (once a day).
The need to develop and validate a method for routine content determination of MPA in MPA cream, arose due to the lack of individual monograph, both for the active ingredient and for the dosage form, in any of the official and valid editions of different pharmacopoeias.
Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop and validate a simple and rapid reversed-phase HPLC method for the routine determination of MPA in MPA cream. The method performance was fully validated according to the ICH Q2(R1) Guideline by a determination of accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and range.
The impact of the system or method changes on the obtained results, was evaluated through the robustness of the method
Laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis, experiences from the PHF Clinical Hospital βM.D. Trifun Panovskiβ β Bitola for the period from 2013 to 2019
Introduction: The term sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. A typical example of a pathogen that can cause this type of diseases is Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis, the most important cause of human diseases of all Chlamydia, is divided into two biovars that reflect the fundamental differences in their invasion of cell cultures and their involvement in human diseases. The oculogenital biovar causes minimal invasive trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, oculogenital infections and reactive arthritis. The LGV biovar causes lymphogranuloma venereum, a more invasive genital tract infection associated with lymphoid pathology. In general, uncomplicated urogenital infections caused by this bacterium are treated with azithromycin or doxycycline. If this type of infection occurs during pregnancy, then the use of the antibiotic amoxicillin is justified.
Aims of the study: To show the number of diagnosed and registered patients with Chlamydia infections for the period from 2013 to 2019 and to analyze the obtained data depending on the age, place of residence, social status and nationality of the patients. As such, the results should make a significant theoretical and practical contribution to identifying the need for routine medical examinations and the development of early diagnosis of Chlamydia infections, which are key aspects for the effective treatment of this sexually transmitted disease.
Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, data obtained from patients with Chlamydia infections, diagnosed and treated at the PHF Clinical Hospital βM.D. Trifun Panovskiβ β Bitola, were analyzed. The data were collected over a period of seven years (from 2013 to 2019) and included patients from: Prilep, Bitola, Krusevo, Makedonski Brod, Resen, as well as from the surrounding villages of these cities. The whole study was done according to the methodology and apparatus used at the PHF Clinical Hospital βM.D. Trifun Panovskiβ β Bitola.
Results: According to the study, of the total number of patients diagnosed and registered in the period from 2013 to 2019, the majority (80 patients) were aged between 26 and 40 years. In terms of place of residence, almost 86 % or 104 patients came from urban areas, while 17 patients came from rural areas. When it comes to social status, the majority of patients β 63, were unemployed, unlike the remaining 58 who were employed. During this period, out of 121 people diagnosed and registered with Chlamydia infections, 115 were Macedonians, 5 were Roma and only 1 person was Albanian.
Conclusion: Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. As such, it is most commonly seen in women between the ages of 15 and 24, and it can be transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex, but can also be transmitted during the childbirth process. Although most patients have no visible symptoms, the disease should not be ignored and should be treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Keywords: Sexually transmitted diseases; Chlamydia; Infection; Genitourinary system
Analysis of the mechanism of action and the antimicrobial activity of certain antiseptics and disinfectants against bacillus spp., acinetobacter spp., klebsiella spp., serratia marcescens and candida spp. as one of the most common causes of intraβhospital infections
Undoubtedly, one of the biggest problems facing the modern medicine, as well as the healthcare management in the hospitals and the other healthcare facilities, is the emergence of intraβhospital or nosocomial infections. Namely, in the late nineteenth century, intensive development was evident in the medicine, and especially in the surgery, as one of the medical branches. As a result of such a development, certain basic standards in the field of hygiene in hospitals and other healthcare facilities have been established, microorganisms have been identified, and a major step has been made in the treatment of the most infections caused by microorganisms themselves. Despite such avantβgarde changes, intraβhospital infections still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, which in a direct or indirect way cause an increase in hospital care costs and an increase in the incidence of new health risks in the community. It is for these reasons that intraβhospital infections are said to be not only a major problem for the modern medicine, but also a huge problem in the management of costs within a particular healthcare facility. The emergence of the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, as well as the emergence of new pathogens, which can be transmitted through different pathways, is due to the great advances made in pharmaceutical and medical biotechnology, on the one hand, and the irrational use of antibiotics, on the other hand. In addition, public pressure on healthcare facilities and the lack of properly trained staff additionally aggravates adequate control of intraβhospital infections. Also, many health professionals consider that the onset of the era of antibiotic use has greatly eliminated the possibility of intraβhospital infections. However, it is necessary to know that maintaining highβlevel hygiene in hospitals and other healthcare facilities is perhaps the most important step in the overall eradication of intraβhospital infections. Such highβlevel hygiene can be achieved by the proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants, commonly referred to as biocides. Namely, these compounds have the ability to directly destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth, development and production. As such, antiseptics and disinfectants differ in that antiseptics are administrated to living tissues, while disinfectants remove microorganisms from various objects, equipment or from the immediate environment. Proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants reduces the possibility of intraβhospital infections, which means that their improper use may result in the appearance of this type of infections.
The goals of this study are to present some of the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intraβhospital infections; to present the mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intraβhospital infection.
To accomplish these goals, as a method, we used the KirbyβBauer diskβdiffusion method and as a microbiological growth medium, we used MuellerβHinton agar. The zone of inhibition, through which the antimicrobial activity is expressed, was measured using a ruler and expressed in millimeters (mm).
From the obtained results, we determined which antiseptic or disinfectant is best to be used against the microorganisms that were covered by this research
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ: Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π°Π»Π΄Π΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΠ³Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ
Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΡβΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Ρ
Π°Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ββΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊβ, Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ββΡΠΈΠ΄β. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ (Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π°Π±ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ) ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°, Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ°, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ) ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ: Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π».
Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ; Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ; Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° (Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ°) ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π°
Mechanism of action and characteristics of certain antiseptics and disinfectants in correlation with their activity on selected microorganisms
Antiseptics and disinfectants represent a large group of compounds such as: alcohols, aldehydes, acid and base compounds, anilides, biguanides, diamidines, halogen release agents, heavy metals and their compounds, peroxygens, phenols, bisβphenols, halophenols, quaternary ammonium compounds and volatile compounds for sterilization. Both antiseptics and disinfectants are labeled as biocides which are compounds that have the ability to destroy microorganisms or prevent their growth, development and reproduction. Usually, when referring to biocides that inhibit growth, other terms may be more specific, such as ββstaticβ and when referring to biocides that kill the target microorganism the term ββcidalβ is often used. These chemical compounds have different effects depending on the concentration in which they are used. The main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants is the place of application. As such, antiseptics remove microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites that have varying degree of pathogenicity and virulence) from living tissues while disinfectants remove the same type of microorganisms from variety of objects and equipment, or to remove pathogens from the immediate environment. The action of antiseptics and disinfectants is due to mutual reaction with the cell surface of the microorganisms, followed by their penetration into the cells and the influence on a certain target area. As a result of that, antiseptics and disinfectants are an integral part of the practices for controlling infections and preventing the occurrence of intraβhospital infections. One of the biggest problems facing modern medicine is the occurrence of the intraβhospital (inpatient, nosocomial) infections. These infections can be defined as localized or generalized infections caused by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization. More specifically, an intraβhospital infection is one for which there is no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of a hospital admission. In fact, these infections can result from inappropriate use of antiseptics and disinfectants. To be used in hospital conditions, antiseptics and disinfectants must meet several criteria: easy to use; nonβvolatile; not harmful to equipment, staff or patients; free from unpleasant smells and effective within a relatively short time.
The goals of this study are to present the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intraβhospital infections; to present the characteristics and mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intraβhospital infection. The establishment of such an approach is crucial because it is necessary to know which antiseptic or disinfectant has the greatest activity against the microorganism which is the cause of the intraβhospital (nosocomial) infection. As a result of that, the incidence of intraβhospital infections will be minimized
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ· bacillus spp., acinetobacter spp., klebsiella spp., serratia marcescens ΠΈ candida spp. ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°, Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎj. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π³Π° ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ· Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π», Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ²Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π±ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ; Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ KirbyβBauer Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊβΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ MΓΌellerβHinton. ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ (mm).
ΠΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅