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    Π•Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° соодвСтност Π½Π° систСм кај HPLC ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ содрТина Π½Π° мСлоксикам Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ

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    Π•Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° соодвСтноста Π½Π° систСм Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° сС Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°, Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° прСтставуваат Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½ систСм кој соодвСтно Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°Π½, со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° сС ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ истиот Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ стандарди Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄. БоодвСтноста Π½Π° систСм Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° сС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄. ИмСно, Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° сС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ само Сднаш, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ќС Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½, Π° соодвСтноста Π½Π° систСм ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ, со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° сС ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ систСмот Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ истиот Π΅ Π²ΠΎ моТност Π΄Π° ја ΠΈΠ·Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈ соодвСтната Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π•Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° соодвСтноста Π½Π° систСм сС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ посСбни ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π·Π° соодвСтност Π½Π° систСм. Нивниот ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ сè, зависи ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄. Π’ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜, соодвСтноста Π½Π° систСмот Π·Π° HPLC, Waters Alliance (Waters corporation, USA), Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π½ΠΎ – Ρ„Π°Π·Π΅Π½ изократски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° содрТина Π½Π° мСлоксикам Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, бСшС Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ: Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π° тСорСтски ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. Π€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° стСпСнот Π΄ΠΎ кој мСлоксикамот сС распрСдСлува Π²ΠΎ стационарната ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ„Π°Π·Π°, Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° ја ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° хроматографскиот ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ мСлоксикам, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° тСорСтски ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ја ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° способноста Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ тСсСн ΠΈ остар хроматографски ΠΏΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ мСлоксикам. Π—Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚ послСдоватСлни ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ стандардСн раствор Π½Π° мСлоксикам, ΠΈ Π·Π° сСкоС ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° соодвСтност Π½Π° систСм

    БпСктрофотомСтриска примСнливост Π½Π° Π½Π΅Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ˜ΡΠΊΠΈ хроматографски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° содрТина Π½Π° мСлоксикам Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ

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    Π’ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° спорСд Π—Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ мСдицински срСдства ΠΈ ΠŸΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π·Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° сСриитС Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Π˜ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° сС Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈ спорСд Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π”ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° лабораториска ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ содрТани Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ сС Π²ΠΎ согласност со Π±Π°Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Европската Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ˜Π°, Националниот Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ. Π’Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° содрТина Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ супстанции Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ вСќС сС достапни Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ“ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ. На ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, хроматографски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π½ΠΎ-Ρ„Π°Π·Π½Π° Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ˜Π°, опишан Π²ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Британската Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ˜Π°, сС користи Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° содрТина Π½Π° мСлоксикам Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π“Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Π»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ овој ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π°, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Π·Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π΅ Π΅ Скономски исплатлив. Π—Π°Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ нСдостатоци, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ соодвСтно Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ сС ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ, поСдноставни ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° истата Ρ†Π΅Π». ИмСно, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π΅ хроматографски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π½ΠΎ-Ρ„Π°Π·Π½Π° Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ˜Π°, кој намСсто Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π°, користи изократска Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ, истиот Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π·, поСдноставСн Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π±Π° ΠΈ Скономски поисплатлив, спорСдСно со Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΈ Π΄Π²eΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ прСтставуваат солидна основа Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ поСдноставСн спСктрофотомСтриски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° содрТина Π½Π° мСлоксикам Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ΡΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚, овој ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° спСктрофотомСтриската примСнливост Π½Π° Π½Π΅Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ хроматографски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄

    Development and validation of HPLC method for content determination of Meloxicam in injections

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    The principal aim of this paper is to establish and validate a rapid, simple, and economical approach that employs high-pressure liquid chromatography, capable of routinely assessing the content of Meloxicam present in injections. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to meet the requirements outlined by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, as well as the specifications delineated in the contemporary editions of the internationally recognized pharmacopeias that pertain to the design and validation of analytical methodologies. The analytical methodology was performed with the utilization of a high-performance liquid chromatography system, Waters Alliance (Waters corporation, USA), consisting of a quadrupole pump, an e-2695 separation module, and an automatic sampler. The optimization of the detection wavelength was accomplished using the Waters 2489 UV/Vis detector and Empower 3 software was employed for data processing. Separation was achieved via the deployment of a LiChrospher 100, RP-18 (5 ΞΌm) column. The mobile phase used in the study consisted of a combination of Acetonitrile and ultrapure water, in a 60:40 ratio, respectively. The pH of the water component was subsequently adjusted to 3.1 with the addition of glacial acetic acid. This reversed-phase column approach, using an isocratic method, was then utilized for the successful validation of the analytical method. According to the obtained results, the developed analytical method exhibits accuracy and precision under consistent conditions over a limited period and on a single sample, as well as precision when conducted in the same laboratory on the same day by two analysts. Furthermore, the method is specific, linear across the range, and robust against variations in the ratio of the mobile phase components, the pH of the water in the mobile phase, and the flow rate. These findings support the utility and reliability of the developed methodology for the routine determination of Meloxicam content in injections. In conclusion, the reversed-phase column approach using an isocratic method proved to be a successful and robust analytical method for the determination of Meloxicam content in injections. This fast, simple, and cost-effective alternative offers a promising solution for the analysis of other related drugs with similar chemical properties. Furthermore, the simplicity and ease of application of this method offer significant advantages, as it does not require any special preparation of the working environment or prior training of the analyst. Thus, this method represents a valuable contribution to the field of pharmaceutical analysis, and it may facilitate the quality control of Meloxicam-containing products. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further development and optimization of analytical methods for the analysis of other drugs with similar properties, leading to better quality control and improved patient safety

    Development and Validation of HPLC method for determination of Methylprednisolone aceponate in cream.

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    The validation results show that the method is accurate, precise, robust, selective, and linear in the given range. It is easily applicable because it does not require complex sample preparation, or special preparation of the working environment. Also, due to the easy availability of the organic solvents used as a mobile phase, the method is economically affordable. This method offers important contribution to scientific knowledge and it can be routinely used for content determination of MPA in MPA cream

    Development and Validation of HPLC method for determination of Methylprednisolone aceponate in cream

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    Methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), used as a potent topical glucocorticoid that treats various types of eczema and psoriasis. Compared to other glucocorticoids, MPA has high efficiency and reduced application (once a day). The need to develop and validate a method for routine content determination of MPA in MPA cream, arose due to the lack of individual monograph, both for the active ingredient and for the dosage form, in any of the official and valid editions of different pharmacopoeias. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop and validate a simple and rapid reversed-phase HPLC method for the routine determination of MPA in MPA cream. The method performance was fully validated according to the ICH Q2(R1) Guideline by a determination of accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and range. The impact of the system or method changes on the obtained results, was evaluated through the robustness of the method

    Laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis, experiences from the PHF Clinical Hospital β€œM.D. Trifun Panovski” – Bitola for the period from 2013 to 2019

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    Introduction: The term sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. A typical example of a pathogen that can cause this type of diseases is Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis, the most important cause of human diseases of all Chlamydia, is divided into two biovars that reflect the fundamental differences in their invasion of cell cultures and their involvement in human diseases. The oculogenital biovar causes minimal invasive trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, oculogenital infections and reactive arthritis. The LGV biovar causes lymphogranuloma venereum, a more invasive genital tract infection associated with lymphoid pathology. In general, uncomplicated urogenital infections caused by this bacterium are treated with azithromycin or doxycycline. If this type of infection occurs during pregnancy, then the use of the antibiotic amoxicillin is justified. Aims of the study: To show the number of diagnosed and registered patients with Chlamydia infections for the period from 2013 to 2019 and to analyze the obtained data depending on the age, place of residence, social status and nationality of the patients. As such, the results should make a significant theoretical and practical contribution to identifying the need for routine medical examinations and the development of early diagnosis of Chlamydia infections, which are key aspects for the effective treatment of this sexually transmitted disease. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, data obtained from patients with Chlamydia infections, diagnosed and treated at the PHF Clinical Hospital β€œM.D. Trifun Panovski” – Bitola, were analyzed. The data were collected over a period of seven years (from 2013 to 2019) and included patients from: Prilep, Bitola, Krusevo, Makedonski Brod, Resen, as well as from the surrounding villages of these cities. The whole study was done according to the methodology and apparatus used at the PHF Clinical Hospital β€œM.D. Trifun Panovski” – Bitola. Results: According to the study, of the total number of patients diagnosed and registered in the period from 2013 to 2019, the majority (80 patients) were aged between 26 and 40 years. In terms of place of residence, almost 86 % or 104 patients came from urban areas, while 17 patients came from rural areas. When it comes to social status, the majority of patients – 63, were unemployed, unlike the remaining 58 who were employed. During this period, out of 121 people diagnosed and registered with Chlamydia infections, 115 were Macedonians, 5 were Roma and only 1 person was Albanian. Conclusion: Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. As such, it is most commonly seen in women between the ages of 15 and 24, and it can be transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex, but can also be transmitted during the childbirth process. Although most patients have no visible symptoms, the disease should not be ignored and should be treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Keywords: Sexually transmitted diseases; Chlamydia; Infection; Genitourinary system

    Analysis of the mechanism of action and the antimicrobial activity of certain antiseptics and disinfectants against bacillus spp., acinetobacter spp., klebsiella spp., serratia marcescens and candida spp. as one of the most common causes of intra–hospital infections

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    Undoubtedly, one of the biggest problems facing the modern medicine, as well as the healthcare management in the hospitals and the other healthcare facilities, is the emergence of intra–hospital or nosocomial infections. Namely, in the late nineteenth century, intensive development was evident in the medicine, and especially in the surgery, as one of the medical branches. As a result of such a development, certain basic standards in the field of hygiene in hospitals and other healthcare facilities have been established, microorganisms have been identified, and a major step has been made in the treatment of the most infections caused by microorganisms themselves. Despite such avant–garde changes, intra–hospital infections still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, which in a direct or indirect way cause an increase in hospital care costs and an increase in the incidence of new health risks in the community. It is for these reasons that intra–hospital infections are said to be not only a major problem for the modern medicine, but also a huge problem in the management of costs within a particular healthcare facility. The emergence of the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, as well as the emergence of new pathogens, which can be transmitted through different pathways, is due to the great advances made in pharmaceutical and medical biotechnology, on the one hand, and the irrational use of antibiotics, on the other hand. In addition, public pressure on healthcare facilities and the lack of properly trained staff additionally aggravates adequate control of intra–hospital infections. Also, many health professionals consider that the onset of the era of antibiotic use has greatly eliminated the possibility of intra–hospital infections. However, it is necessary to know that maintaining high–level hygiene in hospitals and other healthcare facilities is perhaps the most important step in the overall eradication of intra–hospital infections. Such high–level hygiene can be achieved by the proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants, commonly referred to as biocides. Namely, these compounds have the ability to directly destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth, development and production. As such, antiseptics and disinfectants differ in that antiseptics are administrated to living tissues, while disinfectants remove microorganisms from various objects, equipment or from the immediate environment. Proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants reduces the possibility of intra–hospital infections, which means that their improper use may result in the appearance of this type of infections. The goals of this study are to present some of the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intra–hospital infections; to present the mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intra–hospital infection. To accomplish these goals, as a method, we used the Kirby–Bauer disk–diffusion method and as a microbiological growth medium, we used Mueller–Hinton agar. The zone of inhibition, through which the antimicrobial activity is expressed, was measured using a ruler and expressed in millimeters (mm). From the obtained results, we determined which antiseptic or disinfectant is best to be used against the microorganisms that were covered by this research

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ карактСристики Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ антисСптици ΠΈ дСзинфициСнси Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° со Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° активност Π²Ρ€Π· сСлСктирани ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ

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    АнтисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС прСтставуваат Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° Π½Π° соСдинСнија Π²ΠΎ која сС Π²Π±Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚: Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π°Π»Π΄Π΅Ρ…ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, кисСли ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·Π½ΠΈ соСдинСнија, Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΠ³Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Ρ‚Π΅ΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ соСдинСнија, пСроксиди, Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, бис–фСноли, Ρ…Π°Π»ΠΎΡ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ соСдинСнија ΠΈ испарливи соСдинСнија Π·Π° ΡΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Π‘ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅, антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС сС ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, прСтставуваат соСдинСнија со способност Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ раст, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ растот Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ја Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ наставката β€žβ€“ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊβ€œ, Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ја Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ наставката β€žβ€“Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄β€œ. ОвиС хСмиски соСдинСнија манифСстираат Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ зависност ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΎ која сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ“Ρƒ антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС Π΅ мСстото Π½Π° Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Како Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, антисСптицитС Π³ΠΈ отстрануваат ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ (Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π°Π±ΠΈ, вируси, ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ со Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ стСпСн Π½Π° патогСност ΠΈ вирулСнтност) ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ќС Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ администрирани Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°, Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ дСзинфициСнситС ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ отстрануваат ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π³ΠΈ отстрануваат ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ нСпосрСдната ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС сС Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° со ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ, иститС ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ простор ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ“Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. Како Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ°, антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС сС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° интрахоспитални ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π•Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ со ΠΊΠΎΠΈ сС соочува ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° интрахоспитални (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ, нозокомијални) ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Π½ΡƒΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π·Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ, интрахоспитални сС ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ постои Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° сС јавилС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, настанал ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡƒΠ±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ОвиС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС Ρ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π½Π° антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС. Π—Π° Π΄Π° сС ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ услови, антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° исполнуваат Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡƒΠΌΠΈ: Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ лСсни Π·Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ испарливи, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ манифСстираат ΡˆΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π²Ρ€Π· ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°, Π²Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ посСдуваат Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ мирис ΠΈ Π΄Π° манифСстираат Сфикасност Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ врСмСнски ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π». Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС прСтстават Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ појава Π½Π° интрахоспитални ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ; Π΄Π° сС прСтстават карактСристикитС ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ антисСптици ΠΈ дСзинфициСнси Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ услови; Π΄Π° сС Π΄Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ насоки Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° кој антисСптик, односно дСзинфициСнс, Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Ρ˜ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚, кој сС Ρ˜Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π» Π½Π° интрахоспиталната ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Π’ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² пристап Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ бидСјќи Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС Π·Π½Π°Π΅ кој антисСптик, односно дСзинфициСнс ΠΈΠΌΠ° најголСма активност спрСма ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‡ Π½Π° интрахоспиталната (Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°) ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Како Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ†Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° овој Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ќС Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π°

    Mechanism of action and characteristics of certain antiseptics and disinfectants in correlation with their activity on selected microorganisms

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    Antiseptics and disinfectants represent a large group of compounds such as: alcohols, aldehydes, acid and base compounds, anilides, biguanides, diamidines, halogen release agents, heavy metals and their compounds, peroxygens, phenols, bis–phenols, halophenols, quaternary ammonium compounds and volatile compounds for sterilization. Both antiseptics and disinfectants are labeled as biocides which are compounds that have the ability to destroy microorganisms or prevent their growth, development and reproduction. Usually, when referring to biocides that inhibit growth, other terms may be more specific, such as β€œβ€“static” and when referring to biocides that kill the target microorganism the term β€œβ€“cidal” is often used. These chemical compounds have different effects depending on the concentration in which they are used. The main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants is the place of application. As such, antiseptics remove microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites that have varying degree of pathogenicity and virulence) from living tissues while disinfectants remove the same type of microorganisms from variety of objects and equipment, or to remove pathogens from the immediate environment. The action of antiseptics and disinfectants is due to mutual reaction with the cell surface of the microorganisms, followed by their penetration into the cells and the influence on a certain target area. As a result of that, antiseptics and disinfectants are an integral part of the practices for controlling infections and preventing the occurrence of intra–hospital infections. One of the biggest problems facing modern medicine is the occurrence of the intra–hospital (inpatient, nosocomial) infections. These infections can be defined as localized or generalized infections caused by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization. More specifically, an intra–hospital infection is one for which there is no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of a hospital admission. In fact, these infections can result from inappropriate use of antiseptics and disinfectants. To be used in hospital conditions, antiseptics and disinfectants must meet several criteria: easy to use; non–volatile; not harmful to equipment, staff or patients; free from unpleasant smells and effective within a relatively short time. The goals of this study are to present the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intra–hospital infections; to present the characteristics and mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intra–hospital infection. The establishment of such an approach is crucial because it is necessary to know which antiseptic or disinfectant has the greatest activity against the microorganism which is the cause of the intra–hospital (nosocomial) infection. As a result of that, the incidence of intra–hospital infections will be minimized

    Анализа Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° активност Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ антисСптици ΠΈ дСзинфициСнси Π²Ρ€Π· bacillus spp., acinetobacter spp., klebsiella spp., serratia marcescens ΠΈ candida spp. ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π½Π° интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ

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    НСсомнСно, Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ со кој сС соочува ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ здравствСниот ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡŸΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ здравствСни установи, Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° интрахоспиталнитС, односно Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. ИмСно, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π° особСно Π²ΠΎ Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ мСдицинскитС Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, сС Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎj. Како Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜, воспоставСни сС ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ стандарди Π²ΠΎ областа Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ здравствСни установи, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. И ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, остануваат Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ, иститС Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π³Π° ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ†Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° појава Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ здравствСни Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ†Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ сС Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ само ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ прСтставуваат ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π°, Ρ‚ΡƒΠΊΡƒ истоврСмСно прСтставуваат ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ областа Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡŸΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° здравствСна установа. ΠŸΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° рСзистСнтност Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ спрСма Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ трансмитирани ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π°, сС Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° фармацСвтската ΠΈ мСдицинската Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° страна ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ срСдства, ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° страна. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ°, притисокот ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ˜Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π° Π²Ρ€Π· здравствСнитС установи ΠΈ нСдостатокот Π½Π° соодвСтно ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ пСрсонал, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ја ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡƒΠ²Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π° интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ°, Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ здравствСнитС профСсионалци смСтаат Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° со Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° Π΅ искорСнСта моТноста Π·Π° појава Π½Π° интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС Π·Π½Π°Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° високо Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ здравствСни установи, Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π±ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° интрахоспиталнитС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС постигнС со ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π½Π° антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС, Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ. ИмСно, станува Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π·Π° соСдинСнија ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ способност Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Π°Ρ‚ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ раст, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π° сС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ антисСптицитС сС администрираат Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° дСзинфициСнситС Π³ΠΈ отстрануваат ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ΄ нСпосрСдната ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π½Π° антисСптицитС ΠΈ дСзинфициСнситС ја Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡƒΠ²Π° моТноста Π·Π° појава Π½Π° интрахоспитални ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° со појава Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС прСтстават Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ појава Π½Π° интрахоспитални ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ; Π΄Π° сС прСтстават ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ антисСптици ΠΈ дСзинфициСнси Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ услови ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС Π΄Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ насоки Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° кој антисСптик, односно дСзинфициСнс, Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Ρ˜ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚, кој сС Ρ˜Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π» Π½Π° интрахоспиталната ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Π—Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° бСшС користСн Kirby–Bauer диск–дифузиониот ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° бСшС користСн Π°Π³Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ MΓΌeller–Hinton. Π—ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ…ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒ која сС ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠ²Π° Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° активност, бСшС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π° со помош Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ€ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ (mm). Π’Ρ€Π· основа Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ, ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ кој антисСптик, односно дСзинфициСнс, Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС користи ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ„Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈ со ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅
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