Model II: Number of Children/Reproductive Span based on one copulation per day.

<p>Model II: Number of Children/Reproductive Span based on one copulation per day.</p

Model I: Copulations per Day required reaching 1171 offspring.

<p>Model I: Copulations per Day required reaching 1171 offspring.</p

The potential reproductive outcome is related to the harem size.

<p>Saturation is reached at smaller harem sizes for the Wilcox-Weinberg and Barrett-Marshall models than for the Jöchle model.</p

This figure illustrates the setup of the simulation—circles indicate factors negatively affecting reproductive success, rectangles indicate factors increasing reproductive success.

<p>This figure illustrates the setup of the simulation—circles indicate factors negatively affecting reproductive success, rectangles indicate factors increasing reproductive success.</p

Human walking behavior: the effect of density on walking speed and direction

Humans have a natural desire to keep a certain physical distance from other humans, called personal space (Hall, 1966). If personal space is invaded without consent physical reactions such as increased heart rate, sweating and increased blood pressure are triggered (Middlemist and Knowles, 1976). Personal space is well described for standing and seated test subjects (e.g. Hayduk, 1981; Evans and Wener, 2007), but not for walking people. Gérin-Lajoie and his colleagues (2008) described minimum distances that pedestrians keep from obstacles, which were used as a basis for this study. Using a newly developed system called CCB Analyser the walking patterns of pedestrians in an Austrian shopping center were recorded. Data included frequency of people, average speed, speed changes, direction changes, and two different measures for personal space, one being personal space in circles around stationary recording frames and the other being personal space for pedestrians that plan their paths ahead. We tested the hypothesis that high density and low interpersonal distance leads to a change of walking behavior – increased walking speed induced by stress (Kone?ni et al., 1975) and more changes in speed and direction to circumvent obstacles. People walk faster when personal space is invaded. Walking speed and direction are changed to a higher degree at high densities. These results offer a first insight into the relationship of human walking behavior and personal space. A better understanding of the relation between those factors might be crucial for modeling flow of pedestrians, as well as panic situations.</p

Results of ANOVA models for odor attractiveness, pleasantness and intensity in Study 1, 2 and 3.

<p>Table shows values of test statistics (F), significance levels (p) and variance explained (η²) for factor donors identity (ID), odor condition (Perfume) and their interaction.</p

Mean values, standard errors of the mean (SEM) and standard deviations (SD) for ratings of attractiveness, pleasantness and intensity of the axillary body odor (Non-perfumed) and perfume-body odor blend (Perfumed) in Study 1 and 2.

<p>In Study 3 values are for perfume-body odor blend when using assigned and own perfume.</p

Ratings of perfumed and non-perfumed body odors in Study 1.

<p>Z-scored mean ratings (± SEM) of attractiveness, pleasantness and intensity in individual odor donors and for all donors together in non-perfume (empty bars) and perfume (shaded bars) conditions.</p

Ratings of perfumed and non-perfumed body odors in Study 2.

<p>Z-scored mean ratings (± SEM) of attractiveness, pleasantness and intensity in individual odor donors and for all donors together in non-perfume (empty bars) and perfume (shaded bars) conditions.</p

Ratings of own and assigned pure perfumes in Study 3.

<p>Z-scored mean ratings (± SEM) of pleasantness and intensity. Empty bars signify own and shaded bars assigned perfume.</p