Chakrabarty, Moore ve insan genleri BRCA1/2 : ABD’de gen patentlerinin hukukî geçmişi, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’deki düzenlemeler ve bir biyoetik değerlendirme

ÖZ: Yirminci yüzyıl sonlarına kadar uzun yıllar canlı varlıkların patentlenemeyeceği düşünülmüşken, 1970’lerden itibaren Amerikan mahkemelerinde biyolojik materyaller için yapılan patent başvuruları lehine alınan tarihî kararlar sonucunda, bu durum değişmiştir. Bilimsel olarak yapılamaz olanlar laboratuvarlarda yapılabilir hale geldikçe, ticarî başvuru ve hukukî kararlarda, mikroorganizmalardan insana doğru, giderek daha ileri gidilmiştir. Öyle ki tıp ve biyoteknoloji tarihinden de görüleceği üzere; Chakrabarty vakasında genetik mühendislik ürünü bakteriler, OnkoFare ve koyun Dolly vakalarında transgenez ve klonlama ürünü hayvanlar, bir hücre hattının söz konusu olduğu Moore vakasında ve de güncel BRCA1/2 gen patentleri davasında ise insan bedeninin parçaları patentlenmiş ya da patent konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, biyolojik (genetik) materyallerin patentlenişine dair ABD patent hukukundan tarihte birer dönüm noktası teşkil etmiş olan bazı emsal kararlar yeniden gözden geçirilmiş, yanı sıra Avrupa Birliği ve Türk (genetik) patent mevzuatına değinilmiş, ardından bu tür patentler lehine işleyen hukukî süreç, insan bedeninin ticarî patentlenebilirliği aleyhinde argümanlarla, (biyo)etik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Hukukî ve malî gerekçeleri olsa da, gen patentlerinin aynı zamanda patentlenen genler üzerinde başkalarınca yapılabilecek araştırmaları engellemek suretiyle bilimsel, diyagnostik genetik testlere ve bağımsız doğrulama testlerine erişimi kısıtlamak suretiyle klinik, ve insan bedeninin metalaştırılması cihetiyle de biyoetik sakıncaları vardır

Chakrabarty, Moore ve insan genleri BRCA1/2 : ABD’de gen patentlerinin hukukî geçmişi, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’deki düzenlemeler ve bir biyoetik değerlendirme

ÖZ: Yirminci yüzyıl sonlarına kadar uzun yıllar canlı varlıkların patentlenemeyeceği düşünülmüşken, 1970’lerden itibaren Amerikan mahkemelerinde biyolojik materyaller için yapılan patent başvuruları lehine alınan tarihî kararlar sonucunda, bu durum değişmiştir. Bilimsel olarak yapılamaz olanlar laboratuvarlarda yapılabilir hale geldikçe, ticarî başvuru ve hukukî kararlarda, mikroorganizmalardan insana doğru, giderek daha ileri gidilmiştir. Öyle ki tıp ve biyoteknoloji tarihinden de görüleceği üzere; Chakrabarty vakasında genetik mühendislik ürünü bakteriler, OnkoFare ve koyun Dolly vakalarında transgenez ve klonlama ürünü hayvanlar, bir hücre hattının söz konusu olduğu Moore vakasında ve de güncel BRCA1/2 gen patentleri davasında ise insan bedeninin parçaları patentlenmiş ya da patent konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, biyolojik (genetik) materyallerin patentlenişine dair ABD patent hukukundan tarihte birer dönüm noktası teşkil etmiş olan bazı emsal kararlar yeniden gözden geçirilmiş, yanı sıra Avrupa Birliği ve Türk (genetik) patent mevzuatına değinilmiş, ardından bu tür patentler lehine işleyen hukukî süreç, insan bedeninin ticarî patentlenebilirliği aleyhinde argümanlarla, (biyo)etik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Hukukî ve malî gerekçeleri olsa da, gen patentlerinin aynı zamanda patentlenen genler üzerinde başkalarınca yapılabilecek araştırmaları engellemek suretiyle bilimsel, diyagnostik genetik testlere ve bağımsız doğrulama testlerine erişimi kısıtlamak suretiyle klinik, ve insan bedeninin metalaştırılması cihetiyle de biyoetik sakıncaları vardır

Evaluation of depression and self-esteem in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A controlled trial

Objectives: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is very common and is one of the most common causes for patients to be admitted to urology, pediatrics, child psychiatry and child surgery departments. We aimed to investigate the effect on depression and self-esteem of this disorder that can cause problems on person's social development and human relations. Material and methods: 90 patients who were admitted to our clinic with complaints of nocturnal enuresis were enrolled. Investigations to rule out organic causes were performed in this group of patients. Out of them 38 children and adolescents (age range 8-18 years) with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) agreed to participate in the study In the same period 46 healthy children and adolescents with a similar age range without bed wetting complaint were included in the study as a control group. The age of the family, educational and socioeconomic level were questioned and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) forms were filled out. Results: Mean age of the cases (18 females or 47.4% and 20 males or 52.6%) was 10.76 ± 3.82 years whereas mean age of controls (26 females or 56.5% and 20 males or 43.5%) was 10.89 ± 3.11 years. Depression scale was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the case group than in the control group (10.42 ± 4.31 vs 7.09 ± 4.35). In both groups there was no statistically significant difference by age and sex in terms of depression scale (p > 0.05). Conclusion: NE is widely seen as in the community and is a source of stresses either for children and for their families. When patients were admitted to physicians for treatment, a multidisciplinary approach should be offered and the necessary psychological support should be provided jointly by child psychiatrists and psychologists

Changing the Stage, Grade and Histological Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinomas over 10 Years Period

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) account 80–85% of all primary renal neoplasms and originate from the renal cortex. The patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for renal tumour in our unit between January 2005 and 2015 were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups; group 1 includes patients who were treated between January 2005 and December 2009, group 2 those from January 2010 to 2015. There were 103 patients in group 1. The patients were between 21 and 89 years with mean age of 61.46 year. Renal cell carcinomas account 83.4% of the patients, benign renal tumours were 8.7% and transitional cell carcinomas were 7.7% of the patients in group 1. A total of 32.5% RCCs were classified as pT1a, 24.4% as pT1b, 15.1% as pT2a, 11.6% as pT2b, 15.1% as pT3a and 1.1% as pT4. There were 202 patients in group 2 and the patients were between 27 and 81 years with mean age of 58.5 year. Renal cell carcinomas comprised the main bulk of the tumours with 182 nephrectomy specimens. According to the pathological classification of RCCs, 51 specimens were found as pT1a, 54 were pT1b, 13 were pT2a, 14 were pT2b, 48 were pT3a and 2 were pT4. Although, the incidence of small renal masses has been increasing with widespread use of imaging techniques and recent advancements, the proportion of high grade and advanced stage renal tumours increased during the study period

The effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by the cell phones on the testicular tissue

Objectives: Various risks have emerged in parallel to the rapidly increasing use of cell phones. Herein we studied the effects of cell phone emitted electromagnetic waves (EMW) on rat testes. Material and Methods: Twenty one adult male Albino rats were grouped into 3 groups each consisting of 7 rats. The first group was exposed to EMW on talk mode for 8 hours per day for 20 days and then their testes were extracted. The testes of the second group were extracted after 20 days of whole day EMW exposure. The third group was the control group. For the statistical analysis Mann- Whitney U analysis was performed. Results: At light microscopic examination of the testicular tissue, the existence of a high number of immature cells in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule in addition to the normal seminiferous tubules, besides irregular tubules with a reduction in the spermatogenic cell lines and tubules without lumen were observed in groups 1 and 2. Histopathological alterations were scored as 0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = serious. The average scores of the three groups were found to be 4.25 ± 1.5 for the group 1, 4.33 ± 3.9 for the group 2 and 0.37 ± 1.1 for the group 3 respectively. As a result of the statistical evaluation, group 1 and group 2 had significantly higher scores than the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Infertility is one of the current problems of today due to a rapid increase in its incidence and cost. The negative effects of the EMWs on the testis should be taken into account and the necessary measures should be taken for prevention

Circumcision in Bleeding Disorders: Improvement of Our Cost Effective Method with Diathermic Knife

Purpose: Circumcision is a very common surgical procedure that has been performed for thousands of years. In this paper, we report the long-term results of circumcision performed by using diathermic knife on patients with bleeding diathesis and the amount of blood factors used