NHKバラエティ番組に見る文字テロップの変遷 ―テレビにおける表記実態と機能の分化―

How have the TELOPs run from the 1960s to the 2000s? What part have the TELOPs played in the Japanese TV programs? Japanese variety shows often use the TELOPs and writing information on the set. The viewers who enjoy the program with the TELOPs are said to have some interest in the TELOPs, but not enough research has been conducted. NHK is now prepared for those who carry on various researches. This paper investigates the actual conditions of those writing information. In this paper I use the last 50-year writing date, cited from the variety shows in the NHK archives. The amount of writing information has gradually increased from the 1960s to the 2000s. The TELOPs have two functions. The first function is to clarify the composition of the program. The second function is to bring about the stage effects and“ hook” the viewers. This research suggests that the writing tool has much changed the writing information including the TELOPs. New writing technology has“ hooked” viewers who are doing something else besides watching TV

3.11 原発事故をめぐる小学生新聞の投書

This study examines newspapers published for elementary school students. Asahi Shogakusei Shimbun, Mainichi Shogakusei Shimbun, and Yomiuri KODOMO Shimbun are three of the most popular newspapers for elementary school students in Japan. Newspapers generally include reports and editorials. However, these newspapers incorporate numerous articles that are directly concerned with subjects such as science, history, and the national language (Japanese) . In addition, these newspapers are used in the elementary school curriculum. In terms of appearance, newspapers meant for children use larger written characters, less kanji, abundant illustrations, and multicolored printing. In doing so, they present an adult concept in a childish style.This paper considers the viewpoint of children to discuss the coverage of the nuclear power plant accident by childrenʼs newspapers and to suggest an appropriate style for them. After the 2011 Earthquake in the Pacific coast of Tohoku, the childrenʼs newspapers published varied opinions offered by their readers. For example, an elementary school student accused everyone of overusing electricity, a junior high school student blamed the government, and one mother accused the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) . These letters to the editor in newspapers were written to be read by children, and not by adult editors. This paper addresses the following questions: What are the intentions of child readers who become writers? Do their text styles differ from those used by adults when these readers become writers? Finally, what is the appropriate writing style for children

幼少期の読書とその効果 ―1990年代生まれの女子大学生の場合―

Reading is said to be important to the development and education of children. Moreover, fact-finding sur veys performed on children are being cited, mainly by various local governments（i.e. boards of education）. This study examines students who hope to become librarians, a profession which connects children with reading, and investigates the context for practicing reading in early childhood. What sort of reading experi ences did these students have during early childhood, and what encouraged them to practice reading? This study analyzes the investigation that these students filled out reading experience during early childhoods, from their current perspective as adults, focusing on this context. Specifically, a descriptive survey was performed on students taking the librarian curriculum at Mukogawa Women’s University over the two years of FY 2011 and 2012. The librarian curriculum is taken by about 150 to 200 students in the School of Letters Department of Japanese Language and Literature, and Junior College Division Department of Japanese Language. Students enrolled in the curriculum have a generally positive at titude toward reading. How does an appreciation for books, combined with the primary content and aims of the librarian curriculum, affect the disposition of the librarian? Differences became clear, corresponding with the development of the students during preschool, lower ele mentary school, upper elementary school, and onward. For example, a variety of contexts corresponding with development were seen, such as influence from early childhood living situations that conferred on the chil dren a desire to read, contact with family members who encouraged reading, and momentum toward reading imparted by relationships. In summary, the study confirmed that the richness of early childhood experiences with reading among stu dents in the librarian curriculum is important to their appreciation for reading, encouragement of appreciation for reading in others, and application of reading in learning activities. Finally, based on these results, promo tion and enhancements of initiatives aimed at establishing reading during early childhood were proposed

2014年度図書館におけるアクティブ・ラーニングの試み ―教育環境整備と司書課程の取組―

本学附属図書館は，2013年度にアクティブ・ラーニングを推進する教育環境として整備された。これを受け，本学司書課程は2014年度授業から教育内容を見直し，実務を豊富に学べる司書育成を開始した。アクティブ・ラーニングのための教育環境整備は，全国的に進んでおり，その流れを概観して本学の特色を整理してみたい。また，教育環境がどのように活用されるのか，実践例のひとつとして司書課程における必修科目「児童サービス論」の取組を紹介しながら，学生の協働と能動性を生み出す仕掛け，あるいは，協働や能動性を育む環境等，これからのアクティブ・ラーニング型学習空間を整備するうえでの提言をまとめる

知の拠点としての図書館におけるアクティブラーニングに向けて ―本学附属図書館にて展開すべき「学び」とは―

What kind of“ learning” should be developed in our university library? The library is considered“ a knowledge- center.” It is also recognized as a space for active learning, apart from classroom interaction- by the community, Japanese educators, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The university library aims to provide effective methods for learning-in both typical and modern style materials and techniques-to encourage students to spend more time studying on their leisure time in a fun and interactive way. At present, our university strives to conduct an educational program and informative research which would encourage the students to be more independent. Therefore, we have developed and structured a library wherein students could work on their school requirements by themselves with ease and easy access. We aim to provide a place that can be mutually shared by both students and instructors, which would later yield to a more intellectual learning. We value education, and we believe that the best way to contribute to our university is to provide our students and teachers an appropriate area where they can further enhance their wisdom and knowledge, through various forms of media. This essay will provide detailed concepts for each floor at the time of development（ as of November 2013）. The library remains a solemn environment to allow the people to concentrate and focus on what they are studying on. It also has an area that would involve activities and workshops, suited for lively group learning and PBL. Up until now, our library did not have such activity-creating concepts. This change is foreseen as a vital diversity for learning. In order to reform this, we conducted a student survey to find out what more can be offered for the betterment of our students’ education. As a result, the majority of the students wanted to have a more“ feminine space”. This implies their demand that they be given a learning space which could be styled in a more fashionable, adult-like way, be equipped with the latest information tools, be more spacious and organized, be more interactive, and for it to still have a quiet environment for those who would want to study on their own. The students want to be given a space where they can discuss matters with each other. They also suggested on having a lounge area where they can listen to music, and have their snacks and drinks. Their belongings are also one of their major concerns, so they would like to be given room to place their belongings somewhere close to them, as not to bother other library enthusiasts. These opinions among the student body was then evaluated and discussed among the staff and faculty members of the university these improvements were necessary to provide a more interesting library which would encourage students to use more often than that of the past. We, the instructors of the university, also aim to make our students inquisitive, logical, and analytical, in every possible way. With this library development, we envision a more comfortable space for learning for both the students and the instructors. These changes are not merely for the purpose of dealing with the students’ pleas, but because we strongly believe that such vital changes were necessary to create a more improved educational outcome in accordance to the pursuit of excellence the students and instructors can contribute to the university, and vice versa. Through this project, instructors and students will be able to work face-to-face. The instructors will then learn what the students want. The students will be able to develop the required skills needed for their education and research. This is one learning area our university should develop

漢字・食育融合教材の開発―持続可能な学習機会の創出を目指して―

　筆者らは公式な学びの場以外での学習，ノンフォーマル・インフォーマル学習のように，子どもが学校外で学習する機会創出として，子ども食堂における大学生の地域交流を目指している。地域交流は，漢字・食育融合教材の開発と実演を通じた食育プログラム開発・評価のなかで検証する。プログラムは，大学生と子どもの両者が，豊かな食経験と学習機会を得て，世代によって課題が異なる食育について各々の知識を向上させ，かつ，本研究に関わる大学生が，専門の異なる3 学部に所属し，教材開発という共同作業を行うといった多職種交流の観点から，大学生間のピアエデュケーションによる知の循環，相乗的に持続する大学生間の教育も期待している。本論では，国内の漢字学習や漢字教材の分析から，新たに開発する教材の要素を整理し，子ども食堂の交流拠点機能や新型コロナ感染症の影響の記述，開発・試行した教材の報告を踏まえ，今後の教材開発の課題を考察する

Long-term changes in vegetation and land use in mountainous areas with heavy snowfalls in northern Japan: an 80-year comparison of vegetation maps

Comparison of old and new vegetation maps is an effective way to detect vegetation dynamics. Recent developments in computer technology have made it possible to accurately compare old paper vegetation maps with current digitized vegetation maps to reveal long-term vegetation dynamics. Recently, a 1:50,000 scale vegetation map of the Hakkoda Mountains in northern Japan, located in the ecotone of cool temperate and subalpine forests in northern Japan under an East Asian monsoon climate, from 1930 was discovered. We compared the 1930s vegetation map with the most recent 2010 vegetation map to test the following hypotheses: 1) the occurrence of upward expansion of the upper limit of cool-temperate deciduous forests, and 2) whether designation as a national park in 1936 would have reduced forestry and land use, expanded beech forests, and cool-temperate deciduous forests. To compare vegetation changes, 67 types of vegetation legends for the 1930 and 2010 maps were unified to 21 based on plant species composition. Consequently, vegetation has changed substantially over the past 80 years. 1) In the subalpine zone above 1,000 m, the coniferous forest area decreased by half. In the cool temperate zone below 1,000 m, the area of beech forests increased 1.48 times, and some of them could be shifted upwards, replacing subalpine fir forests in the lower part of the subalpine zone. 2) In areas below 700 m, deciduous oak forests once used as thickets were almost halved. Instead, climax and beech forests expanded. However, we also found that even after the area was declared a national park, oak forests were cleared and converted to commercial forests such as cedar plantations, cattle ranches, and horse pastures in some areas. These results will be useful for future ecosystem and biodiversity research/conservation and will provide baseline information for climate change adaptation policies

A retrospective study of the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel plus ramucirumab in patients with advanced or recurrent gastric cancer with ascites

Abstract Background Ramucirumab has recently proved to be effective for advanced or recurrent gastric cancer (AGC). Ascites and peritoneal metastasis are among the most common complications of AGC. However, there are few data on the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel plus ramucirumab in patients with AGC with ascites. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel plus ramucirumab in patients with AGC with ascites. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel plus ramucirumab in patients with AGC with ascites in comparison with patients without ascites in a single institution from June 2015 to May 2016. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences evaluated using the Log-lank test. The differences in baseline characteristics and response rates of each ascites group were calculated for homogeneity by chi-square tests and for trends by Fisher’s exact test. Results Eighty-three patients were analyzed in this study. Ascites was detected in 40 patients, 26 patients (31%) had small to moderate ascites and 14 (17%) had massive ascites. The proportion of patients who started with a reduced dose of paclitaxel was higher for patients with massive ascites than others. The frequencies of any grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicity were 51% in patients without ascites, 77% in patients with small to moderate ascites, and 71% in patients with massive ascites. The frequencies of common ramucirumab-related adverse events were also not significantly different among ascites groups, however one patient had a tumor hemorrhage, and one patient had a gastrointestinal perforation. PFS and OS were shorter in patients with massive ascites than in patients with small or moderate ascites or patients without ascites. Conclusions The use of paclitaxel and ramucirumab in patients with AGC with large amounts of ascites was tolerable with adequate dose modification. However, we should pay attention to the risks of ramucirumab-related toxicity in patients with bleeding tumors or intestinal stenosis