Psychological Effect on children at Secondary Level after Flood Disaster District RajanPur

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological effects of flooding on secondary school children in the Rajanpur, Jampur, Taunsa, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Fazalpur districts. A total of 150 students from public schools in flood-affected areas participated in the study, which used a non-probability convenience sampling approach and a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. The collected information was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as percentage and mean scores, with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study found that the majority of students experienced negative psychological impacts from the flooding, including impacts on their emotional, mental, and academic development. Although both male and female students were affected, females experienced higher levels of psychological effects. This study highlights the importance of reducing flood risk before disasters occur, which can greatly reduce the devastating effects of floods. To effectively manage risks, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the causes and risks associated with flooding

Effect of irrigation regimes on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); economic analysis

The study was design to evaluate the effect of water regimes on overall performance of wheat and optimum need of water. Wheat was tested under 2, 3 and 4 numbers of irrigations named as I1, I2 and I3 respectively. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement. Sowing was started in November 2018 by automatic drill in Rabi. Observations on growth and yield parameters of wheat were recorded by following standard procedures. The data collected were analyzed statistically by applying least significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level for comparison among treatment’s means. The I3 had significantly (P<0.05) high leaf area index, plant height, spike length (cm), no. of spikelets/spike, biological yield of wheat, grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield of (t ha-1), harvest index (%) significantly While the days to booting, tillers (m-2), no. of grains/spike, grain weight/spike, weight of 1000 grains had not significant differences. It was concluded that the I3 with 4 irrigations had a potentially high yield, performance and economically beneficial

Performance Optimization of Holmium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communication Applications in 2–2.15 μm Wavelength Range

In this paper, we address the performance optimization of Holmium doped fiber amplifier (HDFA) for optical communications in 2–2.15 μm wavelength range based on a single in-band forward pump source. The performance of the HDFA is analyzed with the help of theoretical simulations by considering an optimized length of Holmium doped fiber (HDF), doping concentration of Ho3+, and pump power. The impact of signal wavelength and power on gain, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and noise figure (NF) of the amplifier is investigated. Furthermore, we investigate the variations in the gain of the amplifier, its output power, and NF by varying the power and wavelength of the pump source. After optimizing the parameters of the amplifier, the peak gain observed is around 56.5 dB, the 3 dB saturated output power obtained is 33.3 dBm, and the output power is 3 W at signal wavelength of 2.0321 μm for HDF having an optimized length of 12 m and pump power of 3.5 W. Minimum NF of around 8.2 dB is observed at 2.0321 μm for signal power of −5 dBm. The impact of ion-ion interaction on the performance of HDFA is also investigated. A reduction of 24.2 dB and 0.051 W is observed in peak gain and output power of HDFA, respectively by considering the ion-ion interaction

Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.); Economic Analysis

The study was design to evaluate the effect of water regimes on overall performance of wheat and optimum need of water. Wheat was tested under 2, 3 and 4 numbers of irrigations named as I1, I2 and I3 respectively. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement. Sowing was started in November 2018 by automatic drill in Rabi. Observations on growth and yield parameters of wheat were recorded by following standard procedures. The data collected were analyzed statistically by applying least significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level for comparison among treatment's means. The I3 had significantly (P<0.05) high leaf area index, plant height, spike length (cm), no. of spikelets/spike, biological yield of wheat, grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield of (t ha-1), harvest index (%) significantly While the days to booting, tillers (m-2), no. of grains/spike, grain weight/spike, weight of 1000 grains had not significant differences. It was concluded that the I3 with 4 irrigations had a potentially high yield, performance and economically beneficial

Design and Analysis of an O+E-Band Hybrid Optical Amplifier for CWDM Systems

Broadband amplification in the O+E-band is very desirable nowadays as a way of coping with increasing bandwidth demands. The main issue with doped fiber amplifiers working in this band such as the bismuth-doped fiber amplifier is that they are costly and not widely available. Therefore, a wideband and flat-gain hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) covering the O+E-band based on a parallel combination of a praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed and demonstrated through numerical simulations. The praseodymium-doped fiber (PDF) core is pumped using a laser diode with a power of 500 mW that is centered at a wavelength of 1030 nm. The SOA is driven by an injection current of 60 mA. The performance of the HOA is analyzed by the optimization of various parameters such as the PDF length, Pr3+ concentration, pump wavelength, and injection current. A flat average gain of 24 dB with a flatness of 1 dB and an output power of 9.6 dBm is observed over a wavelength range of 1270–1450 nm. The noise figure (NF) varies from a minimum of 4 dB to a maximum of 5.9 dB for a signal power of 0 dBm. A gain reduction of around 4 dB is observed for an O-band signal at a wavelength of 1290 nm by considering the up-conversion effect. The transmission performance of the designed HOA as a pre-amplifier is evaluated based on the bit-error rate (BER) analysis for a coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) system of eight on-off keying (OOK)-modulated channels, each having a data rate of 10 Gbps. An error-free transmission over 60 km of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) is achieved for different data rates of 5 Gbps, 7.5 Gbps, and 10 Gbps