52 research outputs found
Distinct Visual Working Memory Systems for View-Dependent and View-Invariant Representation
Background: How do people sustain a visual representation of the environment? Currently, many researchers argue that a single visual working memory system sustains non-spatial object information such as colors and shapes. However, previous studies tested visual working memory for two-dimensional objects only. In consequence, the nature of visual working memory for three-dimensional (3D) object representation remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, I show that when sustaining information about 3D objects, visual working memory clearly divides into two separate, specialized memory systems, rather than one system, as was previously thought. One memory system gradually accumulates sensory information, forming an increasingly precise view-dependent representation of the scene over the course of several seconds. A second memory system sustains view-invariant representations of 3D objects. The view-dependent memory system has a storage capacity of 3–4 representations and the view-invariant memory system has a storage capacity of 1–2 representations. These systems can operate independently from one another and do not compete for working memory storage resources. Conclusions/Significance: These results provide evidence that visual working memory sustains object information in two separate, specialized memory systems. One memory system sustains view-dependent representations of the scene, akin to the view-specific representations that guide place recognition during navigation in humans, rodents and insects. Th
Synthesis and characterization of zeolite NaP using kaolin waste as a source of silicon and aluminum
A Brief Outline of the Israel–Palestinian Conflict
Before we can explore the use of management science, game theory, cognitive
science and artificial intelligence to attempt to resolve (or just manage) the
Israel–Palestinian dispute, we need some sort of mutual understanding about the conflict.
Given such a long and multi-faceted history rife with multiple conflicting claims,
interpretations and emphases, all fraught with moral and political implications, it is
unlikely that any account will be acceptable to all parties as authoritative.Nevertheless,
we must search for some common ground. Our examination of history commences
with the life of Abraham, the father of the three great monotheistic religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam and continues through to a discussion of Zionism and Arab
nationalism. This leads to the creation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948; celebrated
as Yom Ha’atzmaut (Independence Day) and commemorated as ‘al-Nakhba (the catastrophe),
according to one’s background. Whilst our discussion concludes with recent
events, including the spring 2011 protests and demonstrations spread throughout the
Middle East, there is no doubt that during the time between which this article is written
and it appears in a journal, momentous events will have occurred
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