CO regulation of IAA accumulation and distribution in tomato root, leaf, and stem during lateral root development

Seedlings were grown hydroponically for 2 d after germination and then treated with the indicated concentrations of CO for 12 h. After that, the tissues were sampled and IAA was measured by HPLC. Values represent the mean of two independent experiments and vertical bars indicate the standard deviations (=90 seedlings). Asterisks indicate that the mean values are significantly different between the CO treatments and controls ( <p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Regulation of tomato lateral root development by carbon monoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(12):3443-3452.</p><p>Published online 24 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529230.</p><p></p

The amount of transcripts and proteins of tomato root LeHO-1 during the development of lateral roots exposed to CO

Tomato seedlings were grown hydroponically for 2 d after germination and then treated with 10 μM CO for 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. (a) Analysis of transcripts by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. was used for cDNA normalization. The number below the band indicates relative abundance (RA) of with respect to the loading control actin. (b) Immunoblot analysis. Extracts from tomato roots were analysed by protein gel blotting using an antibody raised against LeHO-1 proteins. The molecular mass of the proteins is indicated on the right in kilodaltons. The results shown above were from one of the three independent experiments.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Regulation of tomato lateral root development by carbon monoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(12):3443-3452.</p><p>Published online 24 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529230.</p><p></p

CO regulation of the lateral root development of tomato (a, b, c), Arabidopsis (ecotypes, Landsberg ) (d), and rapeseed () (e)

Tomato seedlings were grown hydroponically for 2 d after germination and then treated with the indicated concentrations of CO for 4 d. (a) Photograph of tomato lateral root formation. (b) The number of tomato lateral roots (LR) exposed to different concentrations of CO. (c) Change of elongation of tomato primary root (PR) with different levels of CO. Values represent the mean of three independent experiments and vertical bars indicate standard deviations (=45 seedlings). Asterisks indicate that the mean values are significantly different between the CO treatments and controls ( <p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Regulation of tomato lateral root development by carbon monoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(12):3443-3452.</p><p>Published online 24 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529230.</p><p></p

Effect of 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the LR emergence of tomato mutant (LA2469A)

Seedlings were grown hydroponically for 2 d after germination and then treated with the indicated concentrations of NAA for 5 d. (a) The number of lateral roots (LR) exposed to the indicated concentrations of NAA. (b) Photograph of lateral root emergence. (c) Change of elongation of the primary root (PR). (d) Hypocotyl elongation. Values represent the mean of three independent experiments and vertical bars indicate standard deviations (=45 seedlings). Asterisks indicate that the mean values are significantly different between the NAA treatments and controls ( <p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Regulation of tomato lateral root development by carbon monoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide"</p><p></p><p>Journal of Experimental Botany 2008;59(12):3443-3452.</p><p>Published online 24 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529230.</p><p></p

Microfluidic Synthesis of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Peresters via KI-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Methyl Arenes and <i>tert</i>-Butyl Hydroperoxide

A green and efficient organic–aqueous two-phase reaction route for the synthesis of <i>tert</i>-butyl peresters by KI-catalyzed C–H oxidation of methyl arenes in a microfluidic chip reactor has been developed. Moreover, a series of <i>tert</i>-butyl perester products were obtained in moderate to good yields under metal-free conditions. A scale-up continuous flow system was constructed to verify the application of this method

Electrochemistry of nanozeolite-immobilized cytochrome c in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions

The electrochemical properties of cytochrome c (cyt c) immobilized on multilayer nanozeolite-modified electrodes have been examined in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Layers of Linde type-L zeolites were assembled on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes followed by the adsorption of cyt c, primarily via electrostatic interactions, onto modified ITO electrodes. The heme protein displayed a quasi-reversible response in aqueous solution with a redox potential of +324 mV (vs NHE), and the surface coverage (Gamma*) increased linearly for the first four layers and then gave a nearly constant value of 200 pmol cm(-2). On immersion of the modified electrodes in 95% (v/v) nonaqueous solutions, the redox potential decreased significantly, a decrease that originated from changes in both the enthalpy and entropy of reduction. On reimmersion of the modified electrode in buffer, the faradic response immediately returned to its original value. These results demonstrate that nanozeolites are potential stable supports for redox proteins and enzymes

Total Synthesis of Sinensilactam A

The total synthesis of naturally occurring (±)-sinensilactam A was achieved in 18 steps. The key steps of this work are a rhodium-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition for construction of the two all-carbon vicinal quaternary centers and a convergent and tandem condensation of the in situ generated <i>N</i>-acyliminium intermediate with aldehyde <b>20</b>. This enabled implementation of a unified strategy for stereoselective formation of the tetracyclic hemiaminal core of sinensilactam A in a later stage. The total syntheses of applanatumol F and C8-<i>epi</i>-applanatumol D are also achieved using this strategy

DataSheet2.ZIP

<p>The quintessential biological response to disease is inflammation. It is a driver and an important element in a wide range of pathological states. Pharmacological management of inflammation is therefore central in the clinical setting. Anti-inflammatory drugs modulate specific molecules involved in the inflammatory response; these drugs are traditionally classified as steroidal and non-steroidal drugs. However, the effects of these drugs are rarely limited to their canonical targets, affecting other molecules and altering biological functions with system-wide effects that can lead to the emergence of secondary therapeutic applications or adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In this study, relationships among anti-inflammatory drugs, functional pathways, and ADRs were explored through network models. We integrated structural drug information, experimental anti-inflammatory drug perturbation gene expression profiles obtained from the Connectivity Map and Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures, functional pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Reactome databases, as well as adverse reaction information from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The network models comprise nodes representing anti-inflammatory drugs, functional pathways, and adverse effects. We identified structural and gene perturbation similarities linking anti-inflammatory drugs. Functional pathways were connected to drugs by implementing Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Drugs and adverse effects were connected based on the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) of an adverse effect in response to a given drug. Through these network models, relationships among anti-inflammatory drugs, their functional effects at the pathway level, and their adverse effects were explored. These networks comprise 70 different anti-inflammatory drugs, 462 functional pathways, and 1,175 ADRs. Network-based properties, such as degree, clustering coefficient, and node strength, were used to identify new therapeutic applications within and beyond the anti-inflammatory context, as well as ADR risk for these drugs, helping to select better repurposing candidates. Based on these parameters, we identified naproxen, meloxicam, etodolac, tenoxicam, flufenamic acid, fenoprofen, and nabumetone as candidates for drug repurposing with lower ADR risk. This network-based analysis pipeline provides a novel way to explore the effects of drugs in a therapeutic space.</p