Regeneration Ecology of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa in Grasslands of Upland Balochistan , Pakistan

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the seed attributes, movements and fates of dispersal units, and seedling establishment of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa in a representative grassland ecosystem in upland Balochistan, Pakistan. Cymbopogon jwarancusa had more filled and viable caryopses than Chrysopogon aucheri. Seeds (spikelets) of both species had similar morphological features. Chrysopogon aucheri had one dispersal unit, a triplet spikelet. Cymbopogon jwarancusa had four types of dispersal units: a paired spikelet, a partial raceme, an entire raceme, and a partial inflorescence comprised of two racemes. Paired spikelets and partial racemes of Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater mean dispersal distances (94 and 101 cm) from the edge of the basal crown of marked plants to the ground surface than triplet spikelets of Chrysopogon aucheri (79 cm). Spikelets of Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Chrysopogon aucheri moved mean distances of 26 and 32 cm, respectively, on the ground surface before becoming trapped in a microhabitat. The mean angle of dispersal for both species was toward the northeast, according to the prevailing wind direction. An ant (Tica verona) was the only detected seed (spikelet) predator for Chrysopogon aucheri. Both species had a weakly persistent soil seed bank, with higher amounts of seeds found under plant canopies compared to open interspaces. The recruitment of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa seedlings from the natural seed bank was monitored in seven different microhabitats under natural and above-normal precipitation regimes . Above-normal precipitation increased seedling recruitment for both species in all microhabitats. Cymbopogon jwarancusa had higher seedling densities than Chrysopogon auchfiri. Seedling survival and tiller development for both species were greatest in the gravel microhabitat in the natural precipitation treatment. Monsoon rains in late July enhanced emergence of both species from recently dispersed seeds but emerged seedlings did not survive to the end of the growing season. The field studies indicate that Cymbopogon jwarancusa has a greater regeneration potential than Chrysopogon aucheri in this grassland ecosystem in upland Balochistan. It may be difficult to increase the composition of Chrysopogon aucheri, the more desirable species in these grasslands, when using management techniques that rely on natural regeneration

Impact of <i>EGFR</i> activating mutation on survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients by family history of lung cancer: Multivariate analysis results.

<p>Impact of <i>EGFR</i> activating mutation on survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients by family history of lung cancer: Multivariate analysis results.</p

Characteristics of 829 non-small-cell lung cancer patients by family history of lung cancer.

<p>Characteristics of 829 non-small-cell lung cancer patients by family history of lung cancer.</p

Clinical variables for predicting <i>EGFR</i> activating mutations: Multiple logistic regression analysis results.

<p>Clinical variables for predicting <i>EGFR</i> activating mutations: Multiple logistic regression analysis results.</p

Summary of studies of the association between family history and <i>EGFR</i> activating mutations or survival in lung cancer patients.

<p>Summary of studies of the association between family history and <i>EGFR</i> activating mutations or survival in lung cancer patients.</p

Impact of family history of lung cancer on survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

<p>Impact of family history of lung cancer on survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.</p

Real-time sensitivity of Sp LAMP, as monitored by the measurement of turbidity.

<p>Shown from left to right in the figure are the curves of decreasing concentration (1,000,000 to 1) of bacteria. The detection limit was 10 copies (A). The relationship between the threshold time (<i>Tt</i>) of each sample and the log of the amount of initial template DNA (B).</p

Detection of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> in 25 clinical isolates of oral streptococci by PCR and LAMP methods.

a<p>Classification based on API20 Strep identification testing.</p>b<p>+, optochin sensitive; −, optochin resistant.</p>c<p>+, bile soluble; −, bile insoluble.</p>d<p>Final identification from API20 strep testing, optochin sensitivity and bile solubility.</p>e<p>+, amplification occurred; −, amplification did not occur.</p

Detection limit of the LAMP and PCR assays using cerebrospinal fluid specimens spiked with <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (ATCC 6305).

a<p>Results obtained by duplicate trial: +, amplification occurred; −, amplification did not occur.</p>b<p>Results obtained by electrophoretic analysis.</p>c<p>Results determined by visual inspection.</p

Detection limits of the LAMP and PCR assays for <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>.

a<p>Results obtained by triplicate trial: +, amplification occurred; −, amplification did not occur.</p>b<p>Results obtained by electrophoretic analysis.</p>c<p>Results determined by visual inspection.</p