<i>cis</i>-2,3-Disubstituted Cyclopropane 1,1-Diesters in [3 + 2] Annulations with Aldehydes: Highly Diastereoselective Construction of Densely Substituted Tetrahydrofurans

A series of <i>cis</i>-2,3-disubstituted cyclopropane 1,1-diesters were examined in the AlCl₃-promoted [3 + 2]-annulations with aldehydes. In this reaction, these <i>cis</i>-cyclopropanes displayed reactivities starkly different from their <i>trans</i> counterparts in terms of the high chemical yields (up to 98%) and provided the desired annulation products with excellent diastereomeric purity. This protocol provides a facile and highly stereoselective way to construct synthetically useful pentasubstituted tetrahydrofurans not easily accessible using other methods

<i>cis</i>-2,3-Disubstituted Cyclopropane 1,1-Diesters in [3 + 2] Annulations with Aldehydes: Highly Diastereoselective Construction of Densely Substituted Tetrahydrofurans

A series of <i>cis</i>-2,3-disubstituted cyclopropane 1,1-diesters were examined in the AlCl₃-promoted [3 + 2]-annulations with aldehydes. In this reaction, these <i>cis</i>-cyclopropanes displayed reactivities starkly different from their <i>trans</i> counterparts in terms of the high chemical yields (up to 98%) and provided the desired annulation products with excellent diastereomeric purity. This protocol provides a facile and highly stereoselective way to construct synthetically useful pentasubstituted tetrahydrofurans not easily accessible using other methods

CARD15 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Tuberculosis Susceptibility in Chinese Holstein Cows

<div><p>Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a significant veterinary and financial problem in many parts of the world. Associations between specific host genes and susceptibility to mycobacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, have been reported in several species. The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the relationship of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CARD15 gene with susceptibility to BTB in Chinese Holstein cows. DNA samples from 201 Chinese Holstein cows (103 cases and 98 controls) were collected from Kunming City, Yuxi City, and Dali City in China. SNPs in the CARD15 gene were assessed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR). Case-control association testing and statistical analysis identified six SNPs associated with susceptibility to BTB in Chinese Holstein cows. The frequency of genotypes C/T, A/G, A/G, A/G, C/T, and A/G in E4 (-37), 208, 1644, 1648, 1799, and E10 (+107), respectively, was significantly higher in cases than in controls, and also the alleles C, A, A, G, T, and A, respectively, were associated with a greater relative risk in cases than in controls. The distribution of two haplotypes, TGGACA and CAGACA, was significantly different between cases and controls. Overall, this case-control study suggested that E4 (-37)(C/T), 208(A/G), 1644(A/G), 1648(A/G), 1799(C/T), and E10 (+107)(A/G) in the CARD15 gene were significantly associated with susceptibility to BTB in Chinese Holstein cows and that haplotypes TGGACA and CAGACA could be used as genetic markers in marker-assisted breeding programs for breeding cows with high resistance to BTB.</p></div

Homozygosity (Ho), heterozygosity (He), effective allele number (Ne), and polymorphic information content (PIC) of CARD15 gene polymorphisms (SNP).

<p>PIC>0.5 stands for high polymorphism; 0.25</p><p>* Low polymorphism (PIC<0.25).</p><p>Homozygosity (Ho), heterozygosity (He), effective allele number (Ne), and polymorphic information content (PIC) of CARD15 gene polymorphisms (SNP).</p

Haplotype analysis of E4 (-37), 208, 1644, 1648, 1799 and 10(+107) in the CARD15 gene.

<p>Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance, P<0.05.</p><p>* OR stands for odd ratio and CI stands for confidence intervals.</p><p>Haplotype analysis of E4 (-37), 208, 1644, 1648, 1799 and 10(+107) in the CARD15 gene.</p

Results of <i>Sty</i>I-enzyme digestion at loci E10 (+109).

<p>M lane is the DL2000 marker, bands of 273, 253, 104, 20 bp for the A/G genotype in lane 1 and 20bp is invisible in the figure, bands of 253, 104, 20bp for G/G genotype in lanes 2,3, 4, 5, 7, bands of 273, 104 bp for A/A genotype in lane 6.</p