30 research outputs found
Can cognitive dissonance methods developed in the West for combatting the 'thin ideal' help slow the rapidly increasing prevalence of eating disorders in non-Western cultures?
Summary: Eating disorders are common, life-threatening conditions in Western countries, but until relatively recently they were regarded as uncommon in non-Western cultures. However, the prevalence of eating disorders in many of the more affluent non-Western countries is rising rapidly as community members, particularly young women, internalize the 'thin ideal' that has been widely promoted by the international media. This review discusses the factors involved in the development of eating disorders in non-Western settings with a particular emphasis on the influences of urbanization, modernization, Westernization, and the resulting changes in women's roles. The cognitive dissonance programs developed in Western countries that have proven successful in countering the negative effects of the thin idea are described and their potential application to East Asia and other non-Western countries are discussed
Rare-Earth Metal Complexes Supported by A Tridentate Amidinate Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Comparison in Isoprene Polymerization
To systematically investigate the
dependence of the initiating
group and metal size on polymerization performance, a family of rare-earth
metal bis(alkyl)/bis(benzyl)/bis(amide) complexes supported by a monoanionic
tridentate amidinate ligand [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Ph)N(C6H4-2-OMe]− (HL) were synthesized and
well-characterized. Treatment of rare-earth metal tris(alkyl)/tris(benzyl)/tris(amide)
complexes Y(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)3 or Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 or Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(THF)x (Ln = Sc, x = 1;
Ln = Y, La, Sm, Lu, x = 2) with 1 equiv of HL gave the
corresponding mono(amidinate) rare-earth metal bis(alkyl)/bis(benzyl)/bis(amide)
complexes [(2,6-iPr2C6H4)NC(Ph)N(C6H4-2-OMe)]Y(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)2 (1), [(2,6-iPr2C6H4)NC(Ph)N(C6H4-2-OMe)]Y(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)
(2), and [(2,6-iPr2C6H4)NC(Ph)N(C6H4-2-OMe)]Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]2(THF)n (Ln = Y, n = 1 (3); Ln = La, n = 1 (4); Ln = Sc, n = 0
(5); Ln = Lu, n = 0 (6);
Ln = Sm, n = 0 (7)) in good isolated
yields. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis,
NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the presence
of excess AlMe3 and on treatment with 1 equiv of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], these complexes
could serve as precatalysts for cationic polymerization of isoprene,
in which the dependence of the polymerization activity and regioselectivity
on the initiating group and metal size was observed
Unusual Si–H Bond Activation and Formation of Cationic Scandium Amide Complexes from a Mono(amidinate)-Ligated Scandium Bis(silylamide) Complex and Their Performance in Isoprene Polymerization
Amine elimination of scandium trisÂ(silylamide) complex
ScÂ[NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>(THF) with 1 equiv
of the amidine
[PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]H in toluene afforded the neutral monoÂ(amidinate)
scandium bisÂ(silylamide) complex [PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]ÂScÂ[NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>) in 93% isolated
yield. When <b>1</b> was activated with 1 equiv of [Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] in the presence of
THF, the unexpected cationic amidinate scandium amide complex [{PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}ÂScNÂ{SiHMe<sub>2</sub>}Â{SiMe<sub>2</sub>NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}Â(THF)<sub>2</sub>]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>2</b>) was generated. Treatment of <b>1</b> with excess AlMe<sub>3</sub> gave the Sc/Al heterometallic methyl
complex [PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]ÂScÂ[(μ-Me)<sub>2</sub>AlMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (<b>3</b>). All these complexes were well-characterized
by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography.
The combination <b>1</b>/[Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] in toluene showed activity toward isoprene
polymerization. Addition of excess AlMe<sub>3</sub> to the <b>1</b>/[Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] catalyst
system switched the regioselectivity of isoprene polymerization from
3,4-specific to cis-1,4-selective
Unusual Si–H Bond Activation and Formation of Cationic Scandium Amide Complexes from a Mono(amidinate)-Ligated Scandium Bis(silylamide) Complex and Their Performance in Isoprene Polymerization
Amine elimination of scandium trisÂ(silylamide) complex
ScÂ[NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>(THF) with 1 equiv
of the amidine
[PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]H in toluene afforded the neutral monoÂ(amidinate)
scandium bisÂ(silylamide) complex [PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]ÂScÂ[NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>) in 93% isolated
yield. When <b>1</b> was activated with 1 equiv of [Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] in the presence of
THF, the unexpected cationic amidinate scandium amide complex [{PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}ÂScNÂ{SiHMe<sub>2</sub>}Â{SiMe<sub>2</sub>NÂ(SiHMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}Â(THF)<sub>2</sub>]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] (<b>2</b>) was generated. Treatment of <b>1</b> with excess AlMe<sub>3</sub> gave the Sc/Al heterometallic methyl
complex [PhCÂ(N-2,6-<sup><i>i</i></sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]ÂScÂ[(μ-Me)<sub>2</sub>AlMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (<b>3</b>). All these complexes were well-characterized
by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography.
The combination <b>1</b>/[Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] in toluene showed activity toward isoprene
polymerization. Addition of excess AlMe<sub>3</sub> to the <b>1</b>/[Ph<sub>3</sub>C]Â[BÂ(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] catalyst
system switched the regioselectivity of isoprene polymerization from
3,4-specific to cis-1,4-selective
Site-Specific Interaction between α‑Synuclein and Membranes Probed by NMR-Observed Methionine Oxidation Rates
α-Synuclein (αS) is an intrinsically disordered
protein
that is water-soluble but also can bind negatively charged lipid membranes
while adopting an α-helical conformation. Membrane affinity
is increased by post-translational N-terminal acetylation, a common
modification in all eukaryotic cells. In the presence of lipid vesicles
containing a small fraction of peroxidized lipids, the N-terminal
Met residues in αS (Met1 and Met5) rapidly oxidize while reducing
the toxic lipid hydroperoxide to a nonreactive lipid hydroxide, whereas
C-terminal Met residues remain unaffected. Met oxidation can be probed
conveniently and quantitatively by NMR spectroscopy. The results show
that oxidation of Met1 reduces the rate of oxidation of Met5 and vice
versa as a result of decreased membrane affinity of the partially
oxidized protein. The effect of Met oxidation on the αS–membrane
affinity extends over large distances, as in the V49M mutant, oxidation
of Met1 and Met5 strongly impacts the oxidation rate of Met49 and
vice versa. When not bound to membrane, oxidized Met1 and Met5 of
αS are excellent substrates for methionine sulfoxide reductase
(Msr), thereby providing an efficient vehicle for water-soluble Msr
enzymes to protect the membrane against oxidative damage
Distribution of EDE-Q scores in the AN patients with the three 5-HTTLPR genotypes.
<p>The <i>P</i>-values were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education and age at onset.</p><p>EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.</p><p>Distribution of EDE-Q scores in the AN patients with the three 5-HTTLPR genotypes.</p
Results of TDT analysis for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN families.
<p>Results of TDT analysis for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN families.</p
Distribution of genotypes and alleles for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN patients and controls.
<p>Distribution of genotypes and alleles for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in AN patients and controls.</p
Demographic features in AN patients and controls.
<p>BMI, body mass index; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.</p><p>Demographic features in AN patients and controls.</p