Recognition and assessment of pain in animals

Pain is a complex physiological phenomenon, it is hard to define in a satisfactory manner in human beings, and it is extremely difficult to recognize and interpret in animals. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is an important aspect of life and its prevention and decrease are important as a goal to achieve the well-being of animals. The task of scientists is to recognize the language of pain interpretation which animals use to seek help. For an objective evaluation of pain, it is essential to possess a good knowledge of physiology, etiology and clinical diagnosis. We are obliged to do this also because of the ethic principles to defend the well-being of animals and to eliminate any factor which can cause feelings of pain or suffering. The recognition of pain and its manifestation is especially important in cases of animal abuse, when it could be the only symptom. Animals can be quiet and instinctively hide the presence of pain, which makes the symptoms more subtle, but does not make their injuries any less painful. It is also important to have knowledge of manifestations of pain that appear during different surgical procedures performed by the veterinarinarian in spite of the applied dose of analgetic. Pain significantly contributes to the suffering of animals and in such cases it is important to collect relevant documents, in the form of video recordings or in photodocumentation form, because it is important information in the processing of cases of animal abuse. Veterinary experts have the responsibility to recognize, evaluate, and prevent pain and to relieve animals from the pain, which should be the fourth vital sign, following temperature, pulse and breathing, and participate in the evaluation of the condition of the animal during an examination. Due to all the above mentioned, it is essential to secure efficacious prevention and control of pain, which is reflected in the recognition of pain, making a diagnosis, developing a plan of therapy, and adapting the therapy over a longer time period, especially in cases of chronic pain

INFLUENCE OF DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM ON INTERNET ADDICTION

Internet addiction is a clinical anomaly with strong negative consequences on social, work-related, family, financial, and economic function of a person. It is regarded as a serious public health issue. The basic idea of this paper is to, based on the currently available body of research work on this topic, point out to neurobiological pathos of Internet addiction, and its connection to the dopaminergic system. Dopamine contains all physiological functions of neurotransmitters and it is a part of chatecholamine family. Five dopaminergic receptors (D1 - D5) belong to the super family of receptors related to G-protein. Through these receptors, dopamine achieves its roles: regulation of voluntary movement, regulation of center of pleasure, hormonal regulation, and regulation of hypertension. In order to recognize an Internet user as an addict, he or she needs to comply with the criteria suggested by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Phenomenological, neurobiological, and pharmacological data indicates similarities in pathopsychology of substance addiction and pathological gambling, which are indirectly related to the similarity with the Internet addiction. Responding to stimuli from the game, addicts have shown more brain activity in the nape region, left dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex, and left parachipocampal gyrus than in the control group. After the six-week bupropion therapy, desire to play Internet and video games, the total duration of playing, and induced brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are lowered with the addicts

Importance of entomology in veterinary forensics

Entomological evidence is legal evidence in the form of insects or related artropodes, and a field of their study in the aim of medicocriminal applications and veterinary-medical forensic cases is forensic entomology. The most obvious and widely present fauna on the animal and human corpse in early stages of the decomposition process are insect larvae that use the corps as an important food source. The insects found on the corpse represent a significant source of information for determining the time of death, which is an evaluation of the post-morted interval. Additionally, by comparing fauna around the body with fauna found on the body one can obtain information if the corpse was moved after death. Often, insects found on the body point out that infestation by larvae started before death. That implicates animal abuse and defines its duration. Based on these elements, a forensic doctor can deduce which level of abuse is in question. Entomology is an expanding field and the more cases are being shown and the more researchers are being taught how to use insects as a way of proving responsibility, the more it will develop. It is becoming more common for entomological evidence to be case-breaking in the determination of post mortem intervals, in both early and late decomposition phase

Forensic aspects of animal abusing

Animal abuse is important social issue, which includes a wide range of behaviors of humans that are harmful to animals, starting from unintentional neglect to intentional cruelty. Types of animal abuse are different and they can include physical, sexual, emotional abuse or neglect. Training dogs for fights and dog fighting are considered to be neglection of animals. Forensic veterinarians are called for testifining more often now for presenting the evidence that can lead to making a case regarding animal abuse. This study will include an explanation of forensic vet's role and different types of animal abuse

Crvenilo kukuruza - epidemiologija, detekcija i kontrola

Maize redness is a disease of maize associated with stolbur phytoplasma, transmitted to maize by the planthopper vector Reptalus panzeri. Disease epidemiological cycle is in direct correlation with a life cycle of the insect-vector and its preference to the host plants. A detail review of insect-vector life cycle, disease epidemiological cycle and interaction between host plant and stolbur phytoplasma is presented. Up to date knowledge on disease distribution, methods of maize redness identification and detection of the pathogen, with posibilities of its control is reviewed. Future research recommendation and pest management strategy is provided.Crvenilo kukuruza je bolest kukuruza uzrokovana stolbur fitoplazmom koju na kukuruz prenosi cikada-vektor Reptalus panzeri. Epidemiološki ciklus bolesti je direktno uslovljen životnim ciklusom vektora i odnosom prema biljkama domaćinima. U radu je dat detaljan prikaz životnog ciklusa cikade-vektora, epidemiološkog ciklusa bolesti i interakcija biljke domaćina i stolbur fitoplazme. Predstavljen je pregled dosadašnjih znanja o rasprostranjenju bolesti, metodama identifikacije crvenila kukuruza i detekcije patogena. Razmatrana su dosadašnja znanja o mogućnostima kontrole i dati predlozi za dalja istraživanju u cilju definisanja efikasne strategije

Bentonite and Gelatine Impact on the Young Red Wine Coloured Matter

This paper deals with the impact of two fining agents (bentonite and gelatine) on the coloured matters of young red wines Vranac, Pinot Noir and Gamay Noir. Both agents caused decrease in these substances. The effect is more intensive with the dose of bentonite of 1 g/L, but the variability depends on variety. Higher decrease was found in the colour intensity, coloured anthocyanins and polymers (up to 44 %), but lower in the colourless anthocyanins (up to 20 %). The intensity of red and blue colours decreases, while that of yellow colour increases. The use of bentonite in dosages higher than those recommended may cause the wine to obtain more pronounced »brick red« colour (the colour tint increases while the value of the spectrum form decreases). Fewer changes occurred in the coloured matters after treating the wine with gelatine. The colour intensity, colourless and coloured anthocyanins showed a decrease of up to 10 % and polymers of up to 16 %. The intensity of yellow colour decreases, while that of red increases as well as the ΔA/% value

Interpretacija projektantskih rešenja primenom digitalne grafike

Contemporary design solutions that move the boundaries of creativity include the use of digital graphics, in order to get innovative graphical interpretation which includes interventions in space using various element, materials and plants, which requires the use of a combination of different software packages .This paper analyzes the combination of the available graphical software for interpretation projects in the context of landscape architecture profession. Model 'Garden' was created in the 'SketchUp' software for the purpose of visual questionnaire and detailed research work in programs for visualization: 'Photoshop' , 'Lumion' and '3DMax'. Combining the two research methods: study graphic interpretation, 'learning by doing' method in software for digital graphic and research public opinion questionnaire ('Single stimulus' method) led to the results which give recommendations for the use of a combination of appropriate software packages.Savremena dizajnerska rešenja koja pomeraju granice kreativnosti podrazumevaju upotrebu digitalne grafike, u svrhu dobiijanja inovativnih grafičkih interpretacija. Pejzažna arhitektura je transdisciplinarna struka, koja podrazumeva intervencije u prostoru upotrebom različitih elemenata, materijala i biljaka, što zahteva upotrebu i kombinaciju različitih softverskih paketa. Ovaj rad se bavi istraživanjem kombinacija dostupnih grafičkih softvera za interpretaciju projekata u okviru pejzažnoarhitektonske struke. Model 'Vrt' je izrađen u 'SketchUp' softveru za potrebe izrade vizuelnog upitnika kao i detaljnijeg istraživanja rada u programima za vizuelizaciju: 'Photoshop', 'Lumion' i '3DMax'. Kombinacijom dve istraživačke metode: istraživanjem grafičke interpretacije, učenjem kroz rad ('Learning by doing') u softverima za digitalnu grafiku i istraživanjem mišljenja javnog mnjenja upitnikom ('Single stimulans' metodom) došlo se do rezultata koji daju preporuke za upotrebu kombinacije adekvatnih softverskih paketa

Role of veterinarians in recognition and prevention of animal abuse

Since the Criminal law of the Republic of Serbia in 2005 as well as the Law on veterinary medicine, there has been an increasing number of cases that deal with raising criminal charges due to animal killing or torturing. There is also a significant number of forensic cases that are aimed at discovering criminal acts. Animal abuse is a social issue, which includes a range of behaviors of humans that are harmful to animals, starting from unintentional neglect to intentional cruelty. Types of animal abuse are different and they can include physical, sexual, emotional abuse, or neglect. Abuse and neglect of animals have a variety of forms and manifestations, but the end result is always the same - animal suffering. The connection between animal abuse, domestic violence, and child abuse indicates that there is a significant role of veterinarians in social contexts and in terms of stopping this vicious cycle by preventing, discovering and turning in suspects involved in these crimes. The help that veterinarians provide to public prosecutors is of great importance. This study shows the role of veterinarians in cases of possible animal abuse, as well as their role in processing that type of cases

Ni-Sn coating as electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation in alkaline solution

NI-Sn alloy coating was deposited galvanostatically at j= -100 mA cm-2 from the bath containing 0.1M Sn2+ and 0.1 M Ni2+ ions in the pyrophosphate-glycine solution. The coating sample was investigated for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in alkaline solution using cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometric measurements were used to determine the electrocatalyst stability. The presence of Sn can contribute to the oxidation of the EOR products that poisons the Ni surface sites. Also the presence of Sn atoms within the Ni structure, modifies the electronic density of states of Ni, thus preventing strong binding of poisoning species. This work represents a recommendation in developing cost-effective electrocatalyst with high activity and stability for EOR in DEFCs

Karakteristike upotrebe interneta kao sredstva percipirane redukcije stresa kod studenata medicinskih nauka

Previous studies suggest that people use media for instrumental needs, entertainment/leisure or for social gratification. The aim of this study is to identify specific characteristics of Internet use in health care students who use the Internet as a means of perceived stress reduction. The sample included 231 students (m=34%; f=66%), aged (M=22.44; SD=2.09), who were subsequently categorised into two groups according to whether they consciously use the Internet to alleviate the consequences of stressful experiences. The individuals reporting the Internet as a means of perceived stress reduction spend considerably more time online than other Internet users. They also use contents related to entertainment, culture and sex more frequently, as well as social applications and networks. In comparison to others, these participants meet new people and potential partners more often via the Internet, spend more time on their friends’ profiles, while using different entertainment applications, most commonly games. The Internet may play a significant role in reducing negative reactions to stressful events; therefore, we may regard cyberspace as a fertile ground for educational, preventive and counselling services The main limitation to the current study is the sample (only health care students). Future studies should include assessment of perceived stress levels and their relation to study variables.U najvećem broju studija o upotrebi medija navodi se da ljudi uglavnom koriste medije radi zadovoljenja instrumentalnih, emocionalnih i socijalnih potreba. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se identifikuju specifične karakteristike upotrebe interneta u populaciji studenata medicinskih nauka koji koriste internet kao sredstvo za redukciju stresa. Uzorak je činio 231 student (34% muškog i 66% ženskog pola), prosečne starosti AS=22,44; SD=2,090. Ispitanici su svrstani u dve grupe na osnovu toga da li svesno koriste internet za ublažavanje posledica stresnih doživljaja ili ne. Nalazi pokazuju da osobe koje navode internet kao sredstvo redukcije stresa provode značajno više vremena onlajn od ostalih korisnika interneta, češće prate sadržaje vezane za zabavu, kulturu i seks, a takođe, više koriste socijalne aplikacije i socijalne mreže. Za razliku od ostalih, ovi ispitanici se češće odlučuju za upoznavanje novih ljudi i potencijalnih partnera preko interneta, provode više vremena na profilima prijatelja, a više koriste i različite zabavne aplikacije, najčešće igrice. Internet može imati značajnu ulogu u redukciji negativnih reakcija na stresne događaje, tako da sajberprostor možemo posmatrati kao pogodno tlo za veću aktivnost edukativnih, preventivnih i savetodavnih službi. Glavno ograničenje ove studije je specifičnost uzorka (samo studenti medicinskih nauka). U narednim studijama nivo stresa bi trebalo i formalno meriti