Microwave Reflectometry for Physical Inspections

Utilizing microwave reflections to compare a reference device with counterfeit and/or aging devices under test. The reflection from the device under test varies based on certain properties, which results in each device having a unique and intrinsic electromagnetic signature. Comparisons of the electromagnetic signature of the device under test to the electromagnetic signature of a reference device enable evaluating the acceptability of the device under test

Spatio temporal influence of isoflavonoids on bacterial diversity in the soybean rhizosphere

High bacterial density and diversity near plant roots has been attributed to rhizodeposit compounds that serve as both energy sources and signal molecules. However, it is unclear if and how specific rhizodeposit compounds influence bacterial diversity. We silenced the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids, a major component of soybean rhizodeposits, using RNA interference in hairy-root composite plants, and examined changes in rhizosphere bacteriome diversity. We used successive sonication to isolate soil fractions from different rhizosphere zones at two different time points and analyzed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Extensive diversity analysis of the resulting spatio temporal profiles of soybean bacterial communities indicated that, indeed, isoflavonoids significantly influenced soybean rhizosphere bacterial diversity. Our results also suggested a temporal gradient effect of rhizodeposit isoflavonoids on the rhizosphere. However, the hairy-root transformation process itself significantly altered rhizosphere bacterial diversity, necessitating appropriate additional controls. Gene silencing in hairy-root composite plants combined with successive sonication is a useful tool to determine the spatio temporal effect of specific rhizodeposit compounds on rhizosphere microbial communities.http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/mpmi2016-01-31hb201

Versatile coordination chemistry of indazole-derived carbenes

10.1039/b925977eChemical Communications46172986-2988CHCO

Syntheses and catalytic activities of Pd(II) dicarbene and hetero-dicarbene complexes

10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.07.018Journal of Organometallic Chemistry696213369-3375JORC

Gold complexes of an alicyclic indazole-derived N-heterocyclic carbene: Syntheses, characterizations, and ligand disproportionation

10.1021/om201268mOrganometallics3131195-1203ORGN

Au(I) and Au(III) complexes of a sterically bulky benzimidazole-derived N-heterocyclic carbene

10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.11.003Journal of Organometallic Chemistry6933374-380JORC

Anticancer platinum (IV) prodrugs with novel modes of activity

10.2174/156802611798040778Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry11212602-2612CTMC

Wideband Microwave Reflectometry for Rapid Detection of Dissimilar and Aged ICs

A wideband microwave method is described as a means for rapid detection of slight dissimilarities and aging effects in integrated circuits (ICs). The method is based on measuring the complex reflection coefficient of an IC when illuminated with an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, at K-band (18-26.5 GHz) and Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) microwave frequencies. The spatially integrated reflected electromagnetic signature of a given IC is a function of its internal material properties, geometry and metallic deposition of circuit element, and wire bonds. Consequently, dissimilar (including counterfeit) and aged ICs exhibit markedly different reflection properties than their reference and new (nonaged) counterparts. In addition to measuring spatially integrated complex reflection coefficient (over the waveguide aperture), it is also integrated over the operating frequency band (spectrally integrated), resulting in significant increase in the robustness of the approach. Root-mean-squared-error, defined as the average Euclidean distance between two reflection coefficient vectors, is used to associate a quantitative metric to the complex reflection coefficient difference between two dissimilar ICs. Measurement results on several sets of ICs having the same package (DIP-14) and different functionalities, similar functionalities with slight differences in specifications, and aged ICs are presented. The results clearly indicate the capability of this method to differentiate among ICs having slight differences in packaging material properties and/or electronic circuitry

Commercial and residential building energy labeling

30-34 The paper presents base line date for labeling residential and commercial office buildings on the basis of electrical energy consumption. The study is based on a sample of eight typical residential buildings in Bangalore and five commercial buildings in New Delhi of varying built-up areas. The overall SEC is in the range 1-3 kWh/ m2/month for residential buildings and 5-25 kWh/m2/month for commercial buildings. If only building energy consumption is considered, it is in the range 0.3-1.0 kWh/m2/month for residential buildings and 3-10 kWh/ m2/month for commercial buildings. SEC/person is in the range of 300-800 Wh/m2/person/month for residential buildings and 3-6 Wh/m2/person/month for commercial buildings. Commercial building energy intensities are higher than domestic intensities. The energy consumption (winter-summer) varies between 30-100 % peak value due to variation in ambient temperature and weather conditions. </smarttagtype