Study 2: Comprehension of E1’s Points in Three Conditions (18 Trials per Condition).

<p>No effect of condition was found on either frequency or accuracy of responses. While only Pini was above chance in responding accurately to E1’s points (<i>p</i> = 0.014), the group’s overall performance approached significance (<i>p</i> = 0.058).</p

Schematic drawings of the target action chimpanzee praying; used in Study 3, 4 and 5.

<p>Schematic drawings of the target action chimpanzee praying; used in Study 3, 4 and 5.</p

Mean % of first out-of-reach tool used in the sequential and length-only control trials (Experiment 1) [Error bars represent the standard error of mean].

<p>Mean % of first out-of-reach tool used in the sequential and length-only control trials (Experiment 1) [Error bars represent the standard error of mean].</p

Accuracy of Responses to Bimbo’s Points by Females over 18 Trials.

<p>Where Bimbo’s points could be seen by conspecifics, they received one of three possible responses: no response, an accurate response, or an inaccurate response. No female responded inaccurately numerically more often than accurately. However, due to the small sample-size, no statistical analysis is made.</p

Method overview for Studies 1 to 5.

<p>Method overview for Studies 1 to 5.</p

Schematic drawings of the target action presenting; used in Study 1 and 2.

<p>Schematic drawings of the target action presenting; used in Study 1 and 2.</p

Study 1: Individuals’ Responsiveness to and Comprehension of Conspecific Points.

<p>Study 1: Individuals’ Responsiveness to and Comprehension of Conspecific Points.</p

The participant information and the viewing times (in millisecond) to each AOI.

<p>The participants misclassified by the discriminant analysis were marked by the asterisks. The participants were arranged in the order of discriminant scores within each species.</p><p>The participant information and the viewing times (in millisecond) to each AOI.</p

Drawings of the two experimental conditions.

<p>1) full model condition; 2) water bottle condition. Squares in lower right corners represent drinkers. Chimpanzees on the left: subjects. Chimpanzees on the right: demonstrator or stooge (depending on condition). Please note that, for clarity reasons, most bars of the caging have been omitted from the drawing.</p

Raw data from Non-goal-directed recall of specific events in apes after long delays

All collected dat